Newton’s Laws of Motion What are forces? How can diagrams be used to depict and analyze the forces acting on an object? What are the effects of net force and mass on the acceleration of an object?

Forces: An Overview Force:  A push or a pull on an object  Result of an interaction between two objects Units: newtons (N) Vector quantity  Multiple forces can act on an object at once  Sum of multiple forces produces a net force

Types of Forces Gravity (F grav )  attractive force between any two masses  F grav between an object and the Earth is called weight Friction (F fric )  resistive force that acts when an object moves or attempts to move across a surface

Types of Forces Air Resistance (F air )  type of friction which occurs when something moves through the air Tension (F ten )  force transmitted through a rope, string, or wire when it is pulled tight at both ends  tension is the same everywhere throughout the string

Types of Forces Normal Force (F norm )  support force exerted on an object which is in contact with another stable object or surface  always exerted perpendicular to the surface. Applied Force (F app )  exerted directly by a person or object

Newton’s First Law of Motion An object at rest will … remain at rest, an object in motion will … remain in motion at a constant velocity, unless … the object is acted on by unbalanced forces.

Newton’s First Law of Motion If an object is at rest and all the forces are balanced…  the object will remain at rest.  No change in velocity.  No acceleration.

Newton’s First Law of Motion If an object is at rest and the forces are NOT balanced…  the object will begin to move.  Velocity will change.  It will accelerate.

Newton’s First Law of Motion If an object is in motion and all the forces are balanced…  the object will remain moving at the same velocity.  No change in velocity.  No acceleration.

Newton’s First Law of Motion If an object is in motion and the forces are NOT balanced…  the object will begin to speed up or slow down.  Velocity will change.  It will accelerate.

Newton’s First Law of Motion SUMMARY:  Forces Balanced  No acceleration  Forces Unbalanced  Acceleration

Newton’s First Law of Motion Also known as the Law of Inertia Inertia:  tendency of an object to maintain its state of motion  measure of an object’s mass  More mass  more inertia  greater tendency to remain at rest or in motion

Mass vs. Weight MASSWEIGHT Definitionamount of matter in an object FORCE of GRAVITY UnitskgN Variation?CONSTANT NEVER CHANGES Depends on elevation Varies by planet Measured withbalancescale (springs) LINK:Weight = Mass x Acceleration due to Gravity On Earth, accel. due to gravity = -9.8 m/s 2

Free Body Diagrams Standard representation of the relative magnitude and direction of all forces acting upon an object. Object represented by a box, forces by arrows Size of the arrow reflects magnitude of force Direction of the arrow shows force direction Each arrow is labeled to indicate the force type Arrows are always drawn outward from the box Must depict all the forces which act on the object Check out for a bunch of great examples!

Net Force Vector sum of all forces acting on the object Vector addition considers different directions  Same direction: add  Opposite direction: subtract  What about at right angles?  What about at obtuse or acute angles? Check out for a bunch of great examples!

Net Force The net force is known for each situation below. However, the magnitudes of a few of the individual forces are not known. Analyze each situation individually and determine the magnitude of the unknown forces.

Newton’s Second Law of Motion The acceleration of a body is directly proportional to the net force acting on the body and inversely proportional to the mass of the body. Consider this: 1 N = 1 kg·m/s 2 Does that make sense?

Newton’s Second Law of Motion If the net force increases,  acceleration increases,  as long as mass remains constant. If the mass increases,  acceleration decreases,  as long as net force remains constant.

Newton’s First & Second Laws of Motion

Newton’s Second Law of Motion Basic Problem Solving:  What is the net force acting on a 5 kg crate that is accelerating at 3 m/s 2 ?  F net = m·a  F net = (5 kg)·(3 m/s 2 )  F net = 15 kg·m/s 2  F net = 15 N

Newton’s Second Law of Motion Advanced Problem Solving:  A 75 N applied force causes a 10 kg crate to accelerate to the right at 5 m/s 2. What is the force of friction acting on the crate?  Draw a free body diagram first!  F net = m·a = (10 kg)·(5 m/s 2 ) = 50 N  F net = F app – F fric  50 N = 75 N – F fric  F fric = 75 N – 50 N = 25 N F grav = 98 N F norm = 98 N F fric = ? F app = 75 N

Newton’s Third Law of Motion For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction. What does this mean?  Action: force that object A exerts on object B  Reaction: force that object B exerts on object A  Equal in magnitude & opposite in direction  These forces make an Action-Reaction Force Pair  These forces occur simultaneously

Painful Example You slam your fist into the wall.  Your hand exerts a LARGE force on the wall to the left

Painful Example (continued) You slam your fist into the wall.  The wall exerts a LARGE force on your hand to the right

Painful Example (continued) See Action/Reaction PAIRS AT THE SAME TIME

How can we tell what the action- reaction pair is? The action:  YOUR HAND pushes THE WALL to the LEFT (Replacing “hits” with “pushes”) The REaction:  THE WALL pushes YOUR HAND to the RIGHT If you switch the words around, you have the action- reaction pair! Reverse the direction, too.

Newton’s Third Law of Motion Do the forces in an Action-Reaction Force Pair “cancel out”? No…  because they act on different objects  only one force from the pair acts on a particular object  to determine if the forces on an object are balanced, you need to examine all the forces from different action-reaction force pairs.