University Physics: Mechanics Lecture 7 Ch5. Newton’s Law of Motion University Physics: Mechanics Dr.-Ing. Erwin Sitompul http://zitompul.wordpress.com 2012

What Causes an Acceleration? Out of common experience, we know that any change in velocity must be due to an interaction between an object (a body) and something in its surroundings. An interaction that can cause an acceleration of a body is called a force. Force can be loosely defined as a push or pull on the body. The relation between a force and the acceleration it causes was first understood by Isaac Newton. The study of that relationship is called Newtonian mechanics. We shall now focus on its three primary laws of motion. Sir Isaac Newton (1642—1727)

Force in Various Forms

Newton’s First Law Newton’s First Law: “If no force acts on a body, then the body’s velocity cannot change, that is the body cannot accelerate.” In other words, if the body is at rest, it stays at rest. If the body is moving, it will continue to move with the same velocity (same magnitude and same direction).

Mass, Motion & Force Experimental Observations: An object acted on by a net force accelerates in the same direction as the net force. Some objects accelerate slower or faster than others when subjected to the same force  inertial mass.

Force A force can cause the acceleration of a body. As the standard body, we shall use the standard kilogram. It is assigned, exactly and by definition, a mass of 1 kg. We put the standard body on a horizontal frictionless surface and pull the body to the right, so that it eventually experiences an acceleration of 1 m/s2. We can now declare, as a matter of definition, that the force we are exerting on the standard body has a magnitude of 1 newton (1 N).

Force Forces are vector quantities. They have magnitudes and directions. Principle of Superposition for Forces: A single force with the magnitude and direction of the net force acting on a body has the same effect as all the individual forces acting together. Newton’s First Law: (proper statement) “If no net force acts on a body (Fnet = 0), then the body’s velocity cannot change, that is the body cannot accelerate.” →

Net Force Calculation using Vector Sum

Checkpoint Which of the following six arrangements correctly show the vector addition of forces F1 and F2 to yield the third vector, which is meant to represent their net force Fnet? → → →

Mass Mass is a scalar quantity. Mass is an intrinsic characteristic of a body. The mass of a body is the characteristic that relates a force on the body to the resulting acceleration. A physical sensation of a mass can only be obtained when we attempt to accelerate the body.

Newton’s Second Law Newton’s Second Law: “The net force on a body is equal to the product of the body’s mass and its acceleration.” The Newton’s second law in equation form → It the net force Fnet on a body is zero, then the body’s acceleration a is zero If the body is at rest, it stays at rest. If it is moving, it continues to move at constant velocity. →

Newton’s Second Law → The vector equation Fnet = ma is equivalent to three component equation, one written for each axis of an xyz coordinate system: The acceleration component along a given axis is caused only by the sum of the force components along that same axis, and not by force components along any other axis.

3 Astronauts and an Asteroid Three astronauts, propelled by jet backpacks, push and guide a 120 kg asteroid toward a processing dock, exerting the forces shown in the figure, with F1 = 32 N, F2 = 55 N, and F3 = 41 N. What is the (a) magnitude and (b) angle of the asteroid's acceleration?

Free-Body Diagram The most important step in solving problems involving Newton’s Laws is to draw the free-body diagram. Only the forces acting on the object of interest should be included in a free-body diagram. Fon book from hand Fon book from earth

The system of interest is the cart The free-body diagram of the cart

Puck (Ice Hockey “Ball”) Three situations in which one or two forces act on a puck that moves over frictionless ice along an x axis, in one-dimensional motion, are presented here. The puck’s mass is m = 0.2 kg. Forces F1 and F2 are directed along the axis and have magnitudes F1 = 4 N and F2 = 2 N. Force F3 is directed at angle θ = 30° and has magnitude F3 = 1 N. In each situation, what is the acceleration of the puck? → → →

Puck (Ice Hockey “Ball”) The puck’s mass is m = 0.2 kg. Forces F1 and F2 are directed along the axis and have magnitudes F1 = 4 N and F2 = 2 N. Force F3 is directed at angle θ = 30° and has magnitude F3 = 1 N.

Some Particular Forces The Gravitational Force The gravitational force Fg on a body is a force that pulls on the body, directly toward the center of Earth (that is, directly down toward the ground. → The Weight The weight W of a body is equal to the magnitude Fg of the gravitational force on the body

Some Particular Forces The Normal Force When a body presses against a surface, the surface (even a seemingly rigid one) deforms and pushes back on the body with a normal force FN that is perpendicular to the surface. In mathematics, normal means perpendicular. → According to Newton’s second law, Why? Forces on a Body, Resting on a Table

Some Particular Forces Friction The frictional force or simply friction is a force f that resists the motion when we slide or attempt to slide a body over a surface. Friction is directed along the surface, opposite the direction of the intended motion. →

Some Particular Forces Tension When a cord (or a rope, cable, or other such object) is attached to a body and tensed, the cord pulls on the body with a force T directed away from the body. The force is often called a tension force. The tension in the cord is the magnitude T of the force on the body. → → A cord is considered as massless and unstretchable A pulley is considered as massless and frictionless

Beware of High-Energy Tension

Various Forms of Energy Energy can convert from one form to the other. Energy in higher level (more concentrated) tends to convert to lower (less concentrated) condition.

(Equal Magnitudes and Opposite Directions) Newton’s Third Law Newton’s Third Law: “When two bodies interact, the forces on the bodies from each other are always equal in magnitude an opposite in direction.” (Equal Magnitudes) (Equal Magnitudes and Opposite Directions) : The force on the book B from the box C : The force on the box C from the book B

Applying Newton’s Law: Problem 1 A block S (the sliding block) with mass M =3.3 kg is free to move along a horizontal frictionless surface. It is connected by a cord that wraps over a frictionless pulley, to a second block H (the hanging block) with mass m = 2.1 kg. The cord and pulley are considered to be “massless”. The hanging block H falls as the sliding block S accelerate to the right. Find: (a) the acceleration of block S (b) the acceleration of block H (c) the tension in the cord

Applying Newton’s Law: Problem 1 Free-Body Diagram for Block S and Block H The Forces Acting On The Two Blocks

Applying Newton’s Law: Problem 1 The cord does not stretch, so ax of M and ay of m have the same magnitude. 2 The tension at M and the tension at m also have the same magnitude. 1 Why? 2 1

Applying Newton’s Law: Problem 1 (a) the acceleration of block S (b) the acceleration of block H (c) the tension in the cord

Applying Newton’s Law: Problem 2 A cord pulls on a box of sea biscuits up along a frictionless plane inclined at θ = 30°. The box has mass m = 5 kg, and the force from the cord has magnitude T = 25 N. What is the box’s acceleration component a along the inclined plane? Free-Body Diagram of the Box Free-Body Diagram, Fg in components →

Applying Newton’s Law: Problem 2 What is the meaning of this value? What is the force exerted by the plane on the box? No motion in y direction

Homework 6: Two Boxes and A Pulley A block of mass m1 = 3.7 kg on a frictionless plane inclined at angle θ = 30° is connected by a cord over a massless, frictionless pulley to a second block of mass m2 = 2.3 kg. What are: (a) the magnitude of the acceleration of each block, (b) the direction of the acceleration of the hanging block, and (c) the tension in the cord? Hint: Draw the free-body diagram of m1 and m2 first.

Homework 6A Two blocks of mass 3.5 kg and 8.0 kg are connected by a massless string that passes over a frictionless pulley (see figure below). The inclines are frictionless. When the assembly is released from rest, find (a) the magnitude of the acceleration of each block; and (b) the tension in the string. (c) the increase of elevation of the climbing block (which one?) after 0.4 s. Hint: Draw the free-body diagram of the two blocks.

Homework 6B 1. A 2.75-kg cat moves in a straight line (the x-axis). The figure below shows a graph of the x-component of this cat’s velocity as a function of time. (a) Find the maximum net force on this cat. When does this force occur?; (b) When is the net force on the cat equal to zero?; (c) What is the net force at time 8.5 s? 2. Three rainbow boxes are attached by cords, one of which wraps over a frictionless pulley with negligible mass. The three masses are mA = 30 kg, mB = 40 kg, and mC = 10 kg. When the assembly is released from rest, determine (a) the tension in the cord connecting B and C, and (b) how far A moves in the first 0.25 s (assuming it does not reach the pulley)?