SIMD 2009 – technical aspects and use of the index Matt Perkins and Andrew White Office of the Chief Statistician Scottish Government 5 th February 2010

SIMD 2009 – technical aspects and use of the index Technical Aspects of SIMD –SIMD history –Domains and indicators –Methodology Using the SIMD –Where to find things –How to use the SIMD –Example Work in development

SIMD History -SIMD 2004 Work done in house (with some SDRC help) Datazone geography 6 aspects of deprivation (domains) –Income –Employment –Health –Education –Access –Housing Data from 2001 and 2002

SIMD 2006 Evaluation of Statistical Techniques in the Scottish Index of Multiple Deprivation (2005 Dr Alex McConnachie, Dr Chris Weir, Robertson Centre for Biostatistics University of Glasgow) 7 domains –New crime domain added Public transport times included in access domain as sub-domain 37 indicators Data (mostly) from 2004 and 2005 Published October 2006

SIMD 2009 Published on 29 th October domains –Income –Employment –Health –Education –Access –Crime –Housing 38 indicators Data (mostly) from 2007 and 2008

Employment Deprivation Domain Based on benefits data (2008) –Unemployment Claimant Count 12 month average –Incapacity Benefit recipients Working age –Severe Disablement Allowance Working age –Compulsory New Deal Participants No change to 2004 indicators for 2006 or 2009 Datazone SAPE –Working age population

Income Deprivation Domain Not measuring income Based on benefits data (2008 and 2007) –Income support adults and children –Guarantee Pension Credit adults –Job Seekers Allowance adults and children 2004 used WFTC and DTC data 2009 – WTC and CTC (2006 data) Datazone SAPE –Total population

Housing Deprivation Domain Census data –No change since SIMD 2004 –Persons in households which are overcrowded –Persons in households without central heating Census populations –Total population No new indicators identified

Crime Domain Relevant to Neighbourhood Deprivation ‘SIMD crime’ not ‘Total Crime’ –Crimes of violence –Drug Offences –Domestic Housebreaking –Minor Assault –Vandalism Does not include crimes in/near police station First included in 2006 Total populations – rate per 10,000 Move to financial year for SIMD 2009

Health Deprivation Domain Indicators used: –Standardised Mortality Ratio* –Hospital Episodes related to alcohol use* –Hospital Episodes related to drug use* –Comparative Illness Factor* –Emergency Admissions to Hospital* –Proportion of population being prescribed drugs for anxiety, depression or psychosis –Proportion of live singleton births of low birth weight *Age – Sex Standardisation Methodological changes since 2004 –Removal of Shrinkage Minor changes for 2009 Normalised and combined using factor analysis

Education Deprivation Domain Indicators –School pupil absences –Pupil Performance on SQA at Stage 4 –Working age people with no qualifications –17-21 year olds enrolling into HE –People ages not in full time education, employment or training NEET indicator change for 2009 Populations relevant to indicator Combined using factor analysis

Access to Services Domain (indicators) Drive Times –GP –Shopping facilities (Supermarket in 2004) –Petrol Station –Primary and Secondary Schools (Primary only in 2004) –Post Office Public Transport (Not included in SIMD 2004) –GP –Shopping Facilities –Post Office

Population weighted based on COAs Factor analysis within sub-domains Methodology and modelling changes Change to sub-domain weights. (3/4:1/4 – 2/3:1/3) Access to Services Domain (methodology)

Creating the index Data zones ranked on 7 domains Exponential Transformation Combine to give index Weights based on: –Academic research –Data quality –Sensitivity analysis Use ranks for analysis

Domains and Weightings Domainsweight % of overall weightDomainsweight % of overall weightweight % of overall weight Current Income629Current Income Employment629Employment Health314Health6146 Education, Skills and training314 Education, Skills and training6146 Geographic Access and Telecommu nications2 10Geographic Access: 4949 ~ Drive times ~ Public transport times Housing Crime2525

Use of the index

Where to find things SIMD publication, SIMD technical report, etc SIMD website - publications, analysis, data, interactive mapping: Scottish Neighbourhood Statistics – wealth of data zone level data and reporting tool: SNS user forum - SIMD presentations, geography look ups:

Some ways to use the index 15% most deprived datazones in Scotland, (or 10%, or 20%) SIMD domains SIMD within an area eg 10% most deprived data zones in D&G SIMD indicators Relative vs Absolute change Change over time. Concentrations within an area (income and employment domains)

Distribution of employment deprived* people *Claiming Incapacity Benefit or Severe Disablement Allowance or on unemployment claimant count or New Deal participants. Not ‘worklessness’ and not ‘unemployed’

Some ways to use the index 15% most deprived datazones in Scotland, (or 10%, or 20%) SIMD domains SIMD within an area eg 10% most deprived data zones in D&G SIMD indicators Relative vs Absolute change Change over time. Concentrations within an area (income and employment domains)

An example for Dumfries & Galloway

Box plots showing distribution of D&G datazones

Some things to consider Aims of analysis – the SIMD is A measure of deprivation Overall index vs domains vs indicators SIMD methodology Age / time period of data Population

Work in development

Current plans Combining population data with SIMD Guidance and examples of change over time analysis at LA level Relative vs Absolute change Analysis of change over time (Scotland) National Performance Framework and Local Outcome Indicators More presentations and guidance Annual updates to indicators and domains

SIMD and rural areas Index identifies deprived datazones in both urban and rural areas. Identifies small area concentrations of multiple deprivation. The indicators which make up the SIMD are chosen because they are measures of deprivation regardless of where a person lives. However deprivation more spatially dispersed in rural areas. Other factors, such as population decline, may also pose particular challenges for rural areas.

Rural indicators SG looking into creating new ‘population’ domain and combining it with existing income, employment and access domains Possible population indicators include: –Population density –Population change –Change in population aged 0-15 –Change in population of pension age –Change in ratio of population aged 0-15 to working age population –Change in ratio of population of pension age to working age population

Population domain – INITIAL FINDINGS Initial investigations suggest that these indicators may not be sufficiently correlated with each other to allow creation of a population domain

INITIAL FINDINGS - Lack of correlation between indicators

Population domain – INITIAL FINDINGS Initial investigations suggest that these indicators may not be sufficiently correlated with each other to allow creation of a population domain Also shows that, in general, population decline not worse in more rural areas Likely that there are particular rural areas experiencing problems but that these problems are not necessarily an issue for all rural areas. Also possible that population decline in a rural area poses a more significant problem than a similar level of population decline in an urban area.

Population change by 8-fold Urban-Rural Classification

ANY QUESTIONS? Contacts: Andrew White Tel: Matt Perkins Tel: Neighbourhood Statistics (SNS & SIMD) Tel: