Astro-G, KVN/VERA(EAVN), VLBA, ALMA の現状と今後 H.Kobayashi(NAOJ) 2011, Sep.,27 多波長で探る AGN ジェット研究会

Target Life Time is 3 years. Dual 8, 22, 43 GHz Phase-referencing capability Switching Maneuver 10 cm Orbit Determination 9.3 m Antenna with high surface accuracy (0.4mm rms) precision pointing (0.005deg) 1 Gbps Data Downlink ASTRO-G Mission

Cancellation of Astro-G PDR PDR Uncertainty of deployment antenna repeatabilityUncertainty of deployment antenna repeatability Problems of surface accuracy (thermal conditions, radiation conditions) Problems of surface accuracy (thermal conditions, radiation conditions) Tiger team activity Tiger team activity Only 1mm rms is achievable.Only 1mm rms is achievable. Cost will overrun more than 50% of initial cost.Cost will overrun more than 50% of initial cost ISAS Science council recommended the cancellation ISAS Science council recommended the cancellation ISAS advisory council also recommended it ISAS advisory council also recommended it 宇宙開発委員会での結論 宇宙開発委員会での結論

East Asian VLBI Network array

Current working VLBI stations in Eastern Asia Japan(13) Japan(13) VERA(4), Kashima, Tsukuba, Yamaguchi, Nobeyama, Usuda, Tomakomai, Gifu, Uchinoura, Takahagi, HitachiVERA(4), Kashima, Tsukuba, Yamaguchi, Nobeyama, Usuda, Tomakomai, Gifu, Uchinoura, Takahagi, Hitachi Korea(3) Korea(3) KVN (3) Yonsei, Ulsan, TamnaKVN (3) Yonsei, Ulsan, Tamna China(4) China(4) Shanghai, Urumqi, Beijin, KummingShanghai, Urumqi, Beijin, Kumming Shanghai 65mShanghai 65m

Feature of East Asia VLBI network Largest number of VLBI stations Largest number of VLBI stations 8GHz 13 stations8GHz 13 stations 22GHz 19 stations22GHz 19 stations 43GHz 8 stations43GHz 8 stations S/X geodesy 13 stationsS/X geodesy 13 stations Phase referencing Phase referencing VERA 2 beam systemVERA 2 beam system KVN multi-frequency + fast noddingKVN multi-frequency + fast nodding Good UV coverage Good UV coverage Minimum baseline length ; 50 kmMinimum baseline length ; 50 km Maximum baseline length ; 5000 kmMaximum baseline length ; 5000 km

Observation features Phase referencing observations Phase referencing observations VERA 2 beamVERA 2 beam KVN multi-frequencyKVN multi-frequency NoddingNodding -> high sensitivity observations for low Tb objects (RQQ, SNR, Galactic objects) -> high sensitivity observations for low Tb objects (RQQ, SNR, Galactic objects) ->astrometry for maser sources ->astrometry for maser sources (H 2 O,SiO,CH 3 OH..) (H 2 O,SiO,CH 3 OH..) High dynamic range observations High dynamic range observations Ground array of VSOP-2 Ground array of VSOP-2

Total effective aperture and baseline length VLBI arrayEAVNVLBAEVN No. of Stations ２０１０１２ Baseline length 5,000km8,000km2,000km- 8,000km Effective Aperture ８ GH ｚ 9,000m 2 3,700m 2 9,800m 2 Effective Aperture 22GHz 4,900m 2 3,200m 2 4,900m 2 Effective Aperture 43GHz 1,400m 2 2,900m 2 1,800m 2

Current status of astrometry with VERA

Japanese VLBI Network (JVN) Collaboration Collaboration NAOJ (VERA)NAOJ (VERA) Hokkaido, Ibaraki, Tsukuba, Gifu, Osaka-Pref, Yamaguchi, Kagoshima universityHokkaido, Ibaraki, Tsukuba, Gifu, Osaka-Pref, Yamaguchi, Kagoshima university JAXA, NICT, GSIJAXA, NICT, GSI 13 telescopes (11m ~ 64m)13 telescopes (11m ~ 64m) Purpose Purpose A new, characteristic VLBI arrayA new, characteristic VLBI array A Base of East-Asian VLBIA Base of East-Asian VLBI Progress Progress Started in 2004Started in 2004 Steady Observation in 2005Steady Observation in 2005 First Paper published in 2006First Paper published in 2006 Observing time ~200 hr/yr Observing time ~200 hr/yr EAVN test observationEAVN test observation

Simultaneous Multi-Frequency Obs. - Phase Compensation, mm-VLBI Constructions of three stations were completed on Dec !

* 86, 129 GHz Receivers will be installed. Prototype 43 GHz Receiver Receiver

Seoul VLBI correlator center Opened on May 13 th, Gbps x 16 station Largest VLBI correlator

VERA/Tape terminal Korea/China (Mark-5b) VERA/Disk (VOA) Optical fiber (VSI-E) ＶＬＢ Ｉ data server Wideband correlator 8Gbps 16 stations Data processing and archive Operation System New Correlator at Seoul -Joint development with Korea and Japan – Software correlator 1Gbpsx4 stations

Schedule ２０１０ ２０１０ Test Observations with VERA+KVNTest Observations with VERA+KVN Start of science observations with Japan (VERA,JVN) /Korea (KVN), and Japan(JVN)/China(CVN).Start of science observations with Japan (VERA,JVN) /Korea (KVN), and Japan(JVN)/China(CVN) Start of science observations with Japan, Korea and ChinaStart of science observations with Japan, Korea and China

Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array Expanded Very Large Array Robert C. Byrd Green Bank Telescope Very Long Baseline Array VLBA Operational Status Ongoing and Possible Future Upgrades Walter Brisken Walter Brisken NRAO, Socorro NRAO, Socorro

Current capabilities of the VLBA 45 baselines from 10 identical 25m antennas 45 baselines from 10 identical 25m antennas Peak / sustainable record rate is 512 Mbps Peak / sustainable record rate is 512 Mbps 64 MHz/polarization with 2-bit samples64 MHz/polarization with 2-bit samples Operates at select bands between 330 MHz and 90 GHz Operates at select bands between 330 MHz and 90 GHz Dual band 2.2 / 8.4 GHz supportedDual band 2.2 / 8.4 GHz supported 1-hour continuum sensitivity at 8.4 GHz = 54 Jy RMS 1-hour continuum sensitivity at 8.4 GHz = 54 Jy RMS Angular resolution at 8.4 GHz is 1x2 mas Angular resolution at 8.4 GHz is 1x2 mas 18

Current capabilities of the VLBA Absolute astrometry to a precision of 100 as Absolute astrometry to a precision of 100 as Relative astrometry to a precision of 10 as Relative astrometry to a precision of 10 as Flexible correlation with DiFX Flexible correlation with DiFX Can correlate at ~700 Mbps x 10 antennas for typical projectsCan correlate at ~700 Mbps x 10 antennas for typical projects 16 playback Mark5 units available16 playback Mark5 units available Transient processorTransient processor

VLBA Sensitivity Upgrade Project ( Began as a project in 2007 Began as a project in 2007 Three major components of the upgrade are: Three major components of the upgrade are: New correlatorNew correlator DiFX software correlator was ultimately chosen DiFX software correlator was ultimately chosen New data recorderNew data recorder Mark5C, developed by Haystack/Conduant/NRAO Mark5C, developed by Haystack/Conduant/NRAO New antenna back-end electronicsNew antenna back-end electronics ROACH FPGA-based Digital Back End (RDBE) in development ROACH FPGA-based Digital Back End (RDBE) in development Project funded (including media) to complete 2 Gbps capability Project funded (including media) to complete 2 Gbps capability Funding from NRAO, NSF MRI grant and Conacyt (via UNAM)Funding from NRAO, NSF MRI grant and Conacyt (via UNAM) Initial availability to astronomers anticipated this summerInitial availability to astronomers anticipated this summer 20Goal: increase peak bandwidth to 4 Gbps

VLBA 運用継続問題 NSF ： VLBA 運用経費（６ M$/yr) 半分以上を non- NSF fund で運用しないと 2011 年 10 月から Budget cut NSF ： VLBA 運用経費（６ M$/yr) 半分以上を non- NSF fund で運用しないと 2011 年 10 月から Budget cut 2011 年 2 月 VLBA future WS 2011 年 2 月 VLBA future WS サポートの目標 (3M$/yr) サポートの目標 (3M$/yr) NRAO 1M$/yr 自助努力 ○ NRAO 1M$/yr 自助努力 ○ Naval Obs. 1M$/yr -> daily UT1 決定 ○ Naval Obs. 1M$/yr -> daily UT1 決定 ○ FERMI 0.15 M$/yr FERMI 0.15 M$/yr Shanghai 0.2 M$/yr ○ Shanghai 0.2 M$/yr ○ ASISS 0.2 M$/yr ○ ASISS 0.2 M$/yr ○ MPIfRA 0.2 M$/yr 申請中 MPIfRA 0.2 M$/yr 申請中 CSIRO/ICRUR 0.15 M$/yr CSIRO/ICRUR 0.15 M$/yr NAOJ 0.2 M$/yr NAOJ 0.2 M$/yr

VLBI 長期計画の必要性 国内問題 国内問題 Astro-G の中止Astro-G の中止 次期スペース VLBI を提案するのか、しないか？ 次期スペース VLBI を提案するのか、しないか？ AGN などの研究をどのように発展させるのか？ AGN などの研究をどのように発展させるのか？ 国際的な VLBI ロードマップの必要性 国際的な VLBI ロードマップの必要性 多波長や電波の他分野に対する VLBI の存在意義の明確化 多波長や電波の他分野に対する VLBI の存在意義の明確化 ALMA 、 SKA との関係 ALMA 、 SKA との関係 VLBI Large program の戦略 VLBI Large program の戦略 Global array 構想の浮上Global array 構想の浮上 VLBA の運用スキームの変更 VLBA の運用スキームの変更 東アジア VLBI 観測網の開始 東アジア VLBI 観測網の開始 VLBA/EVN などとの棲み分けVLBA/EVN などとの棲み分け 位相補償・高い周波数・・・・ 位相補償・高い周波数・・・・

長期計画の策定について 研究目的を明確にする 研究目的を明確にする 研究目標の設定 研究目標の設定 実現性（装置性能・マンパワー）の検討 実現性（装置性能・マンパワー）の検討 開発計画を明確にする 開発計画を明確にする 周波数バンド 周波数バンド 記録帯域 記録帯域 eVLBIeVLBI 予算計画 予算計画

来年の EAVN シンポに向けて Need considerations by each countries and groups Need considerations by each countries and groups White papers of research subjects (What do we want?)White papers of research subjects (What do we want?) Development schedule (What can we do?)Development schedule (What can we do?) Realistic operation plan (How much can we do?)Realistic operation plan (How much can we do?) Need to start activities of Road map creation Need to start activities of Road map creation Science goalScience goal Development scopeDevelopment scope Operation schemeOperation scheme

ALMA project 15th of August: 18 antennas at the AOS

ＡＬＭＡ Ｃｙｃｌｅ - ０ time allocation

ALMA Schedule 2011 Sep. Start of Early Science 2011 Sep. Start of Early Science 2013 Mar. 開所式 2013 Mar. 開所式 2014 Jan. 66 台フル運用 2014 Jan. 66 台フル運用 Antenna Antenna nd Quarter : EA 16 台完 nd Quarter : EA 16 台完 st Quarter ： NA 25 台完 st Quarter ： NA 25 台完 rd Quarter : EU 25 台完 rd Quarter : EU 25 台完