Sea level: measuring the bounding surfaces of the ocean by Mark E. Tamisiea, Chris W. Hughes, Simon D. P. Williams, and Richard M. Bingley Philosophical Transactions A Volume 372(2025): September 28, 2014 ©2014 by The Royal Society
Simple schematic illustrating the relationship between sea surface height (SSH), the geoid, and dynamic topography. Mark E. Tamisiea et al. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 2014;372: ©2014 by The Royal Society
Eastward acceleration of the mean flow by time-dependent eddies, based on 13 years of satellite altimetry data (a dynamically passive, irrotational component has been removed). Mark E. Tamisiea et al. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 2014;372: ©2014 by The Royal Society
(a,b) Fingerprint of relative sea-level change caused by a mass loss scenario equivalent to 1 mm per year of globally averaged sea-level rise from (a) Greenland and (b) West Antarctica. Mark E. Tamisiea et al. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 2014;372: ©2014 by The Royal Society
Three reconstructions [49–51] of sea-level rise during the twentieth century derived from tide gauge data. Mark E. Tamisiea et al. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 2014;372: ©2014 by The Royal Society
Tide gauge locations where the time series held by the PSMSL is greater than 50 years. Mark E. Tamisiea et al. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 2014;372: ©2014 by The Royal Society
(a) Time series of the global average sea-level change from satellite altimetry (TOPEX/Poseidon, Jason-1 and Jason-2). Mark E. Tamisiea et al. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 2014;372: ©2014 by The Royal Society
Difference between the trends calculated from the TOPEX/Poseidon altimetry mission using the default set of processing models and an updated set. Mark E. Tamisiea et al. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 2014;372: ©2014 by The Royal Society
Estimate of the vertical land motion across the UK derived from a GNSS solution provided by the NERC British Isles continuous GNSS Facility (BIGF). Mark E. Tamisiea et al. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 2014;372: ©2014 by The Royal Society