Colonial Latin America Economy, Church, and State

The Aftermath of Conquest  The Legacies of Contact  The “Columbian Exchange”  Ecological Conquest?  Physical and Psychological Effects

Slave & Master, late 18 th c. Quito

Castas, Eighteenth-Century Mexico

The Emerging Colonial Economy  The Example of Cortés  The Encomienda Iberian Precedents Abuses and “Reform”  The Rise of the Landowning Class The Hacienda and Hacendados  Colonial Agriculture Sugar: “Sweetness and Power”

The Mining Sector  Mineral Wealth in the Americas  The European Ideal (“Mercantilism”)  The Mineral Cycle  Indigenous Effects  European Effects Financing Empire Long-Term Fiscal Trends

La Valencia Silver Mine, Guanajuato, Mexico

Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil

Colonial Administration  The Council of the Indies  The Casa de Contratación Closed Ports and Monopolies (The Ideal) The Reality  Colonial Administration: Viceroys and Audiencias→Corregidores and Cabildos, local power networks  The Republica de los Indios Caciques

Portugal and Colonial Brazil  Pedro Álvarez Cabral’s “discovery,” 1500  The “Factory” Period The feitoria Economic and Political Motivations  Proprietary Settlements (“Captaincies”)  The Addition of Royal Administration The French Threat The Indian Question Tomé de Sousa (admin )  The Sugar Cycle and African Slavery

Church and State  The Role of the Church Patronato Real  The Incomplete “Spiritual Conquest” of America Syncretism  Church vs. Landowners  “Just War” and the “Indian Question” Bartolome de las Casas (vs. Sepúlveda) “New Laws” of the Indies, 1542

Alcoman Monastery

Altar at National Cathedral

Interior View, Cholula Cathedral

Cuernavaca

San Jose Mission, San Antonio

Valladolid

Yaxcabá (in the Yucatán)