Lecture 1: Introduction AVIATION HISTORY 29-March-2010 By Ms.Zuliana Ismail

Lesson Timeline AVH 1103 – Aviation History (Sem 3 March – Mei, 2010)  30 Credit hours per semester Class Timetable: Monday a.m Thursday a.m Class duration: 4hrs 15 minutes/per week Semester Timeline  Week 1-3: Lecture  Week 4: Mid term test & public Speaking  Week 5-7: Lecture  Week 8: Study Week  Week 9: Final Exam

Results  Mid Term Test: 10%  Public Speaking: 10%  Assignment: 20%  Final Exam: 60%  Total: 100%

Standard Grading Scale for University/College MarkGradeGrade Points (80–100)A4.00 (75-79)A-3.67 (70-74)B+3.33 (65-69)B3.00 (60-64)B-2.67 (55-59)C+2.33 (50-54)C2.00 (45-49)C-1.67 (40-44)D1.00 (0-39)F0.00

GPA Calculation Credit HoursGradeGrade Points 3B (3.00)9.00 3B (3.00)9.00 4B (3.00) B (3.00)12.00 Total Cr Hrs: 14GPA42/14=3.00

References  Lecturer slides and notes (will be distributed through )  Books  AMC Text Book  Flight: 100 Years of Aviation (AMC Library)  Internet: Suggested Websites:

7 INTRODUCTION TO AVIATION What is Aviation ??

What is Aviation ?? By definition, aviation is the design, manufacture, use, or operation of aircraft - in which the term aircraft refers to any vehicle capable of flight.

Lighter-than-air vs. Heavier-than-air Aircraft can either be lighter- than-air or heavier-than-air. Lighter-than-air craft including balloons and airships Heavier-than-air craft including airplanes, gliders, helicopters.

Lighter-Than-Air(LTA)  Any craft which sustain their weight by displacing an equal weight of air.  For example, balloons and airships.  Their structure when filled with a sufficient volume of gas lighter than air (heated air, hydrogen, or helium), displaces the surrounding ambient air and make it floats.  Balloons usually very large, and they were capable of relatively high speeds.

Heavier-Than-Air(HTA)  Relating to an aircraft heavier than the air it displaces.  An airplane is a heavier-than-air craft that is propelled by an engine and uses fixed wings to generate lift.  So, every airplane is an aircraft, but not every aircraft is an airplane!  Gliders are aircraft that are not airplanes. (glider, no engine)  The Space Shuttle is definitely an aircraft, but it is not an airplane. It does not carry engines for propulsion.  Helicopters are also aircraft that are not airplanes because their aerodynamic surfaces are not fixed - they rotate.

12 Aircraft vs. Airplane

Introduction For centuries, man has dreamed of flying and soaring like an Eagle high above the world below. Men starting imagined how it must be to take to the air. That dream and imagination is now reality. In a short one hundred years, aviation technology was transformed from the often unreliable wooden, cloth- covered biplanes to supersonic jets and international airliners. What was it that provoked such rapid progress?

Chapter 1 The Early Attempts to Fly

First Attempts  Legends of flight attempts date to 2000 B.C.  Many believed flying was for the mythical gods  Others tried to copy bird flight-unsuccessfully  Chinese invented kites about 1000 B.C.  17 th century A.D. kites carried soldiers aloft  Leonardo da Vinci, 15 th century Italian artist  First recorded scientific study of aeronautics  Experimented to prove feasibility of mechanical flight  Drew sketches and plans to construct flying machines

First Attempts, 1500  Leonardo da Vinci, scientist, architect, painter….  In 1500 he gathered data on the flight of birds..and then drawings of flying machines with flapping wings.  Finally, by copying the wings of a bird Da Vinci invented the “Flapping-Wing Aircraft” to enable human to fly.

Critical Thinking However, all attempts to fly using this type of machine failed. WHY HUMAN CAN’T FLY LIKE A BIRD ??

God’s Will  If god wanted us to fly then he would have created us that way.

Human can’t fly like a bird because…..  Structure of a bird’s muscles are different compare to human. Human’s muscles are too weak to flap the large surfaces needed to obtain flight.  Bird’s bones are hollow and light compare to human. Human’s bones are far too heavy to make them rise in the air.  Physiological capabilities of birds can never be matched by human beings. Human heart beat rate must have to go up to 800 heart beats per minute in order to be able to achieve flight.

Second Attempts at Flight  By 17th Century, ancient ideas inspired scientific theories and experiments.  Characteristics of the atmosphere and the discovery of gasses and properties led to lighter-than-air (balloon) experiments

The first successful human flight 1783: Montgolfier Brothers  Inventors of the first practical balloon  1782: discovered that heated air in a paper or fabric bag made the bag rise  1783: “flew” a sheep, a duck, and a rooster for 8 minutes  November 1783: first human flight.  However, balloon lack of directional control

Critical Thinking HOW HOT AIR BALLOON RISE INTO THE SKY??

Hot-Air Balloon  A hot-air balloon has 3 important parts:  the envelope  the burner  the gondola

How hot air balloon can rise into the sky  Air in the balloon is heated by gas burner to over 100°C.  As being heated, hot air in the balloon become less dense (lighter) than air surrounding the balloon.  Since the up thrust is larger than the weight of fabric, burner, crew and basket. Hence the balloon start rising.  When the height increases, density of air decreases. Thus the up thrust will decrease.  When up thrust equal to hot air balloon weight, hot air balloon will float in the atmosphere 

Glider Flight : Men try to invent GLIDER… Glider: A light aircraft designed to fly without using an engine.

George Cayley’s First Successful Airplane (1804)  Had body, tail and wing  Understood that lift results from pressure difference across wing surfaces  Had the idea to warp wings for roll control  Proposed an engine for thrust - none available at that time

Otto Lilienthal, First Successful Pilot a Glider (1890s)  Accomplished over 2500 successful glider flights  Control depended upon movements of his body. To reduce these requirements he devised a movable elevator.  Died in a glider accident in 1896

The Powered Flight 1843: William S. Henson, 1 st plane with an engine  Grew up in the age of steam. They had witnessed the use of steam in powering trains.  He designed his own steam engine for airplane.  After one unsuccessful try the inventor gave up.

1896: Samuel P. Langley, First Successful Airplane  Samuel P. Langley of the United States flew a steam powered model plane.  First Successful Airplane Flight in 1896  Unfortunately, launching gear failure caused his plane to crash

Chapter 2 The First Man to Fly

31 Contribution of Wright Brothers to Aviation  ( ) – Research on how things fly.  literature search to find out the state of aeronautical knowledge at their time  read about the works of Cayley, and Langley, and the hang-gliding flights of Otto Lilienthal  studied the problems which had been encountered by previous flyers and they talked about possible solutions to the problems

32 Contribution of Wright Brothers to Aviation  ( ) – Tested Theories  built a wind tunnel and developed model- testing techniques including a balance accurately determine the lift and drag  They tested over two hundred different wings and airfoil models to improve the performance of their gliders.  Today, NASA engineers at Ames, Langley, and Glenn Research Centers use sophisticated models and wind tunnels to study a variety of problems associated with modern aircraft design

33 ( ) – Developed the first flight control systems  ideas for control were tested on a series of unpowered between 1900 and 1902 – Kites to obtain aerodynamic performance  flying object had to be controlled about all three primary axes; roll, pitch, and yaw  Their aircraft were built with movable surfaces on the wing, elevator, and rudder Contribution of Wright Brothers to Aviation

34  ( 's) - Developed Propulsion Systems  first to fly a self-propelled, heavier than air machine  The thin, high speed propellers which they designed were based on wind tunnel tests and were unlike any other propellers being used at that time  Between 1903 and 1913 the engine power increased from 12 horsepower to nearly 75 horsepower Contribution of Wright Brothers to Aviation

35  (December 17, 1903) - The First Flight  ( ) - Flight Development  continued to perfect their machine with a series of aircraft built between 1903 and flight testing from Kitty Hawk to their home town of Dayton, Ohio  new, more powerful aircraft, they were able to stay aloft for up to a half hour, to fly figure eights, and to even take passengers up for a ride Contribution of Wright Brothers to Aviation

Wright Bro. Solved 3 Problems  How to obtain Lift  How to Control  How to generate Thrust

Roll Around Longitudinal Axis

Pitch Around the Lateral Axis

Yaw Around the vertical Axis

1900: Test the Lift force

1901: Built the Hangar to store the aircraft

1901: Make 50 Glides, but unsatisfied Performance

1901: Wing design proved to be faulty

1901: Built a Wind Tunnel Test 200 shape of airfoil

1902: Solve the control problem………

Move from 1902 Glider to the 1903 powered aircraft. Add a engine.

Breakthrough December 17, 1903, near Kitty Hawk, North Carolina, Wilbur and Orville Wright made the world's first successful powered, free, controlled, sustained flights in a heavier-than-air craft. Their first flight went 120 feet (37 meters) and lasted only about 12 seconds.

17 th December 1903, finally successful

Heavier-Than-Air Definition

After 1903……. The brother write to the war department to try and obtain a contract for a “practical flying machine” but are turned down. They decide to halt flying operations until they get a contract and the patent rights. They won’t be seen in the air again until 1907 but they continue to work on increasing the power of their engines.

1908…formed the Wright Company  Finally in 1908 the War Department signed a contract for a Wright Flyer, provided it could meet certain tests.  A month later a plan was instituted for the formation of a Wright company in France.  After the successful development of the first airplane, the Wright Brothers continued to be involved in aerospace technology.  Orville was one of the original members of the National Advisory Council on Aeronautics (NACA) which is the parent organization of the current NASA.