Cognitive Psychology Winter Discussion Section-

Memory III. Memory for general knowledge

Cognitive functions Perception Memory Attention Decision-making Reasoning, problem-solving Imagery Language Emotion Motivation Action Memory

Overview Memory for general knowledge. Nickerson & Adams paper Review for midterm (except categorization). (Briefly): 7 sins of memory review

Take home from seven sins: Transience Absentmindedness Blocking Misattribution Suggestibility Bias Persistence A central paper. You should be able to: Name them Explain what they are Know empirical evidence of their reality Explain the adaptive system they derive from.

Memory for general knowledge Basic distinction: Episodic vs. Semantic. Endel Tulving Many differences Intuitively clear: State, Chicago? Ate, Breakfast? Knowing Facts, „Knowledge“ Recall of Personal experiences Repetition with invariant core

Memory for general knowledge Semantic memory models: Hierarchical model Feature comparison model ACT model Episodic memory models: ? Schemata Scripts Connectionist models, neural networks Networks, Feature lists, etc. Very 70´s and 80´s style. Inspired by Computer science 90s, Neuroscience inspired

Memory for general knowledge Hierarchical model Feature comparison model Semantic networkHierarchical -Spread of activation -Nodes -Semantic priming -RT based studies -Typicality Memory as a linked feature list Every concept consists of a set of elements (features) There are defining and characteristic features The more defining features, the easier. Explains category size effect (abstractness)

Memory for general knowledge ACT theory John Anderson A central psychological theory Combines working memory, declarative and procedural memory. Nodes, Production rules Conditions, actions Activated production rules create nodes

Memory for general knowledge Scripts Schemata Organized information Contain fixed slots and variable content Questionnaire (template) model of memory Default values Schema for routine events Restaurant example Allows inferences, leaving things unsaid. Problem: Intrusions.

Memory for general knowledge Connectionist models Parallel processing Learning (unobserved) Layers (Input, Processing, Output) Nodes and Links Weights Increasingly popular, powerful Hard do damage, robust  plausible James McClelland

Nickerson & Adams

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Nickerson & Adams 1 $ ?

Nickerson & Adams Basic points: Familiarity does not guarantee retention. Even if there were literally thousands of presentations of the information. Crucial are importance, which generally leads to the deployment of attention. In the absence of these, memory is poor. People are not necessarily aware of this. Introspection is a bad measure of memory for everyday objects.

Nickerson & Adams  Study tip: Try to think that the course material is important and pay attention. Try to care. That way, memory will naturally be much better than if you just read/hear the stuff.

Review for midterm: 2 nd midterm is on next Wednesday, as scheduled Topics are basically Memory and Categorization No cheating! Try to study on the weekend. me for questions QALMRI: As usual, thu night. But it helps to understand Classification. Material from Lecture, Book, Discussion section and papers. Look online for my slides. No screwed up questions this time. (I hope) Don´t panic, it could be worse.

Concepts to know Interference: Proactive vs. Retroactive 1212 Explicitness: Explicit vs. Implicit Bla

Concepts to know Encoding specificity Modal model of memory: Sensory memory  Short term memory Long term memory InformationResponse Storage Retrieval -Context effect -State dependent learning -Cues!

Concepts to know Working memory = structured STM Phonological loop Visuospatial sketchpad Central executive LTM Declarative Procedural EpisodicSemantic Memory structure Implicit Explicit KnowingVivid Recall Knowing that... Knowing how to...

Concepts to know Basic functions of memory Encoding Storage Retrieval Sins of memory 7

Topics to know

Short term memory Coding, Capacity, Retention duration, etc. Serial position effects (primacy, recency, use). Mnemonic strategies: Chunking, rehearsal. Working memory Inferference (Proactive, retroactive) Memory search (serial, exhaustive)

Long term memory Coding, Capacity, Retention duration, etc. Levels of processing theory Forgetting: Decay, Interference, Overwriting Encoding specificity: State-dependent learning, Context effects, spacing, cues, mood dependent learning.

Autobiographical memory -Flashbulb memory (Vivid, yet not more accurate) -Eyewitness testimony (Constructive, Post hoc) -Repressed memories (Controversial, doubtful) -Amnesia (Symptoms)

Memory for general knowledge Dichotomies: Implicit vs. Explicit memory Declarative vs. Procedural memory Semantic vs. Episodic memory Models: Hierarchical model ACT model Connectionist model Feature comparison model Scripts Schemata Network models Highly inspired by Computer Science, Linguistics