AP Biology Saturday Session 3 Evolution as a Process Session 2 - Macroevolution

Clue: biological species concept = offspring Question 1 B Clue: biological species concept = offspring Please convey to students that there are many ways to define a species. The Biological Species concept defines species as being so genetically similar that viable, reproductively capable offspring can be produced.

Species Male and Female Blue Footed Boobies To help with explaining Biological species concept.

C Clue: April and May Question 2 Please go over the various Pre-Zygotic barriers that may exist to help keep species reproductively isolated using the next slide. Please help students “see” a possible definition within a term.

Pre-zygotic and post-zygotic barriers Prezygotic barriers impede mating or hinder fertilization if mating does occur Habitat isolation Temporal isolation Behavioral isolation Mechanical isolation Gametic isolation Individuals of different species Mating attempt Fertilization HABITAT ISOLATION TEMPORAL ISOLATION BEHAVIORAL ISOLATION MECHANICAL ISOLATION GAMETIC ISOLATION Postzygotic barriers prevent a hybrid zygote from developing into a viable, fertile adult Reduced hybrid viability Reduced hybrid fertility Hybrid breakdown Viable, fertile offspring Fertilization REDUCED HYBRID VIABILITY REDUCED HYBRID FERTILITY HYBRID BREAKDOWN

Question 3 A Clue: mules

Pre-zygotic and post-zygotic barriers Prezygotic barriers impede mating or hinder fertilization if mating does occur Habitat isolation Temporal isolation Behavioral isolation Mechanical isolation Gametic isolation Individuals of different species Mating attempt Fertilization HABITAT ISOLATION TEMPORAL ISOLATION BEHAVIORAL ISOLATION MECHANICAL ISOLATION GAMETIC ISOLATION Postzygotic barriers prevent a hybrid zygote from developing into a viable, fertile adult Reduced hybrid viability Reduced hybrid fertility Hybrid breakdown Please go over the various post-zygotic barriers. Please help students “see” a possible definition within the term. Viable, fertile offspring Fertilization REDUCED HYBRID VIABILITY REDUCED HYBRID FERTILITY HYBRID BREAKDOWN

D Clue: designate Question 4 Please help students understand that this is a “working” term that fits the given situation. Also help students remember that there are several ways to define a species.

Ecological Species concept Tertiary consumers Microorganisms and other detritivores Secondary consumers Primary consumers Detritus Primary producers Please quickly go over these terms. Heat Key Chemical cycling Sun Energy flow

Phylogenetic Species concept Percent of Amino Acids That Are Identical to the Amino Acids in a Human Hemoglobin Polypeptide Species Human 100% Rhesus monkey 95% Mouse 87% Chicken 69% Quickly go over the Phylogentic focusing on sequence similiarity vs. sequence difference. Frog 54% Lamprey 14%

Question 5 D

Punctuated equilibrium model . Please help students understand the three true statements of punctuated equilibrium using this slide. We will focus on this again in session three dealing with geologic time and the mass extinctions. Time Gradualism model Punctuated equilibrium model

Clue: Radiation = spread out Question 6 B Clue: Radiation = spread out Please help students “see” possible definitions within terms. Also please help students understand the difference between Sympatric (“sym” means “same/within”) and allopatric (“allo” means “different/separate”)

Galapagos Islands Show the students the location of the Galapagos and then indicate roughly where Hawaii would be.

Galapagos Islands close up Please help students understand adaptive radiation by talking about migration from one island to another and adapting to the conditions of that island over time.

Darwin’s Galapagos Island finches Please focus on the size and shape of the beak as it relates to a possible food source.

Math Grid In Solution The correct answer is 839.7 fire ants/month N = K/15 = 15000/15 = 1000   Rmax = 0.9   K = 15000   dN/dt = rmax N (K-N) K dN/dt = (0.9)(1000)(15000-1000/15000) = (0.9) (1000) (0.933) = 839.7 fire ants/month

Short Free Response 1 4 points possible Discussion of allopatric speciation being the evolution of species by the reproductive isolation associated with some geologic barrier (1 pt.) Discussion on example – ring species, adaptive radiation on islands, etc. (1 pt.) Discussion of sympatric being the evolution of one species from an existing within the same area. (1 pt.) Discussion of one species evolving as a result of competition or another driving force causing change such as allopolyploidy or autopolyploidy. (1 pt.) Please help students understand each term. Also please go over the terms Allopolyploidy (cross fertilization among plants resulting in abnormal chromosomal number because of non-disjunction during meiosis in either the sperm or egg) and Autopolyploidy (self-fertilization resulting in abnormal chromosomal number because of non-disjunction during meiosis in either the sperm or egg.

Modes of Speciation Allopatric speciation Sympatric speciation

Failure of cell division in a cell of a growing Autopolyploidy Failure of cell division in a cell of a growing diploid plant after chromosome duplication gives rise to a tetraploid branch or other tissue. Offspring with tetraploid karyo- types may be viable and fertile—a new biological species. Gametes produced by flowers on this tetraploid branch are diploid. 2n 2n = 6 4n = 12 4n

Allopolyploidy Unreduced gamete with 4 chromosomes Unreduced gamete Hybrid with 7 chromosomes Viable fertile hybrid (allopolyploid) Meiotic error; chromosome number not reduced from 2n to n Species A 2n = 4 2n = 10 Normal gamete n = 3 Normal gamete n = 3 Species B 2n = 6

Short Free Response 2 4 points possible Discussion of first and second experiment – reproduction by cross-fertilization, DNA sequencing, karyotyping (1 pt. each) Discussion of outcome support – living viable, reproductive offspring, DNA sequences being identical, possessing the same number of chromosomes. (1 pt. each)