Morphology Morphology is the study of the building blocks of meaning in language. How do languages build words and indicate grammatical relationships between words? Very often, the answer lies in their morphology. a. What are words? →Strings of sounds with particular meanings b. What are the basic building blocks of words? c. How are more complex words built up from their parts? d. How is the meaning of a word related to its parts? e. How are individual words related to other words?

words Mental Lexicon (mental dictionary): Parts of speech Homonyms, synonyms, antonyms Content and function words Words are formed by putting together morphemes. Languages with fairly simple morphological structure Languages with a very complex morphological structure, e.g. Turkish: Namixaridand ‘they were not buying’ Mohawk: Ni-mic-tomi-mak “I’ll give you the money.”

Words A. word: a minimal free form that can occur in isolation and/or whose position with respect to neighboring elements is not entirely fixed. The hunters pursued the bear. The bear pursued the hunters. B. /-er/ and /-s/are not words. They cannot occur in isolation and have relatively fixed positions. *erhunts *serhunt

Words … cont’d C. simple words: cannot be broken down . THE *T+HE D. complex words: can be broken down. HIMSELF HIM+SELF ; UN+LUCK+Y E. Closed class words: function words, pronouns, conjunctions, determiners F. Open class words: Major lexical items (nouns, verbs, etc.)

Morpheme A morpheme is the smallest linguistic unit that has a meaning or a grammatical function. un happy looks looked A free Morpheme: it is the smallest meaningful unit that cannot be broken up into smaller meaningful units and it can stand alone. A bound Morpheme are morphemes that cannot stand alone as meaningful units. They are attached to free morphemes such as prefixes or suffixes.

Morphology Morphology is the study of how words are structured and how they are put together from smaller parts. Morphologists not only identify the different classes of morphemes but also study the patterns that occur in the combination of morphemes in a given language. Consider retake, rewrite , relive ,,,,,, but not *takere , *re-choice, *re-pretty

Further morpheme classification Derivational Morphemes: are morphemes that change the meaning of a word or the part of speech of the word they are attached to. They are prefixes or suffixes in English. happy unhappy quick quickness

Further morpheme classification Inflectional Morphemes: Morphemes that serve a purely grammatical function, provide grammatical information about a word, never creating a new word but only a different form of the same word. They do not change the meaning or part of speech of the word. Looks, bags, playing Suffixes only occur at the margins of a word and after derivational morphemes.

The inflectional suffixes of English Plural morpheme : boys Possessive morpheme: the man's car Present tense third person singular morpheme: he walks Past tense morpheme: he played present participle morpheme: going past participle morpheme: eaten adjective comparative morpheme: smaller adjective superlative morpheme: smallest

Allomorphs Allomorphs: non-distinctive realizations of a particular morpheme that have the same function. Cats /s/, bags /z/, wishes /Iz/, Walked /t/, robbed / d/, stilted /Id/ Are all allomorphs of the same morpheme. In some adjectives we form the opposite by adding the prefix /In/ , but this morpheme changes in some words the last sound in it /n/ to the one that follows in +legal illegal in + possible impossible in + responsible irresponsible in + mature immature

Activity 1 excellent biochemistry manliness walked realize brighten A)- Break up each of the following words into its morphemes: excellent biochemistry manliness walked realize brighten encourage incorrect manliness richest universities expectations

Activity 2 teacher blacken sufficiently kingdom cheaply plays A)- Underline the base in each of the following words: teacher blacken sufficiently kingdom cheaply plays supermarket misinterpret remarked rehabilitation reconstructions thickeners unidirectional lovelier review

Very productive prefixes: in, im, il, ir, un, dis, mis, non Derivation in English Noun-making suffixes: acy, age, ance, dom, er, hood conspiracy, coinage, hindrance, freedom, brotherhood, leader Adjective-making suffixes: able, ish, less, ive, some comfortable, devilish, careless, wholesome Verb-making suffixes: ise, ify, en realise, falsify, shorten Adverb-making suffixes: -wise clockwise, valuewise Very productive prefixes: in, im, il, ir, un, dis, mis, non

Derivation in Arabic: ‘awzan الأوزان Noun of instrument Intensive active participle Passive participle Active participle Root مخبز makhbaz خبازkhabbaz مخبوزmakhbuuz خابزkhabez خبزkhabaza غفارghaffar مغفورmaghfuur غافرghafer غفرghafara مكنسة meknasa كناسkannas مكنوسmaknuus كانسkanes كنسkanasa

Inflection in English Plural morpheme : boys Possessive morpheme: the man's car Present tense third person singular morpheme: he walks Past tense morpheme: he played present participle morpheme: going past participle morpheme: eaten adjective comparative morpheme: smaller adjective superlative morpheme: smallest

Inflection in English … cont’d Noun plural: -en as in ox – oxen Alternative suffixes plus a consonant or vowel change: child --- children wife ---- wives weep --- wept bring --- brought 3. Vowel change only goose --- geese speak --- spoke 4- no change at all sheep --- sheep , put --- put

Inflection in Arabic Arabic is a highly inflected language Arabic denotes most syntactic relationships through inflectional affixes, i.e. most verbs, nouns, pronouns, adjectives are inflected. Nouns are inflected for number, gender and case mudaresun, mudarresat, madares; mudarres, mudarressah, waladun, waladan, waladin Verbs also inflect for number and gender and tense

Learners’ Inflection-related errors Formation of the wrong plural (sheeps, wifes) Wrong past tense of the verb (catchted, choosed) Wrong form the past participle (cutten, putten) Dropping the /s/ from the third person present singular verb (she eat , He go ) Adding /s/0 so modal verbs (He cans , She mays) Adding the noun plural ending to the verb as well (The boys eats)

Word formation Processes in English Affixation: prefixes and suffixes. Coinage: Words coined from existing materials to represent new inventions or development, e.g. Kleenex, television, wireless, penicillin, Kodak. Backformation: involves the use of analogy to create forms that are similar to ones already existent in the language, e.g. gatecrash from gatecrasher pop from popular

Word formation Processes in English 4. Blends: involves joining two words by taking parts of the two words and making a new word: smoke + fog ----------------- smog breakfast + lunch ----------- brunch motor + hotel --------------- motel 5- Chipping: cutting the beginning or end of a word. For example, lab -------------------- laboratory dorm------------------ dormitory 6- Acronyms: taking the initial letters of words. For example, UNRWA UNESCO

Word formation Processes in Arabic Carving relates to the shortening of phrases, or extracting one word from two or more words. For example, Words carved from two other words: Ja`fala(جعفل) from Ja`alani fedaak(جعلني فداك). Words carved from three words: hay`la(حيعل) from (حي على الفلاح). Words carved from four word :basmala(بسمل)from (بسم الله ) /صلعم 2- Borrowing: Arabic words borrowed from Greek: Satan(إبليس), octopus(إخطبوط), peacock(طاووس), fountain(نافورة), shirt(قميص), pen (قلم), olivine (زبرجد ), ruby(ياقوت ), tower((برج, and law(قانون).

Compounding in English 1- The components of the compounding words. The first element of a compound can be: a- a noun, e.g. armchair b- an adjective, e.g. blackboard c- a verb, e.g. drawback The second element of a compounding noun can be: a- a noun, e.g. goldsmith b- a pronoun, e.g. overall c- a verb or verb stem, e.g. smash-and-grab, chimney-sweep d- an adverb, e.g. passer-by, fly-over

Compound Nouns Noun + Noun : manservant , woman doctor Subject + Verb = sunrise , daybreak Verb + Object = pick-pocket Verb + Verb = make-believe Adjective + noun = fast-food , software Phrase compound = son-in-law Subject + object = car cable , chairperson Subject + complement = blackboard , ashtray

Compound Verbs Compound Adjectives Noun + verb = sky-dive , carbon-copy Verb + verb = freeze-dry Particle + verb = overlook , Adjective + noun = badmouth Noun + noun = breath-test Adverb + verb = downsize , upgrade Adjective + verb = white-wash , blacklist Compound Adjectives Verb +object = life-giving , man-eating Verb + adverbial = airborne , far-fetched verbless = age-old Adjective + adjective = bitter-sweet, open-ended Compound Adverbs: off-hand, over-night

Types of Compounds Endocentric: The rightmost element of the compound identifies the class that the meaning of the entire word is related to, e.g. dog food , a fire man , fast food , blackboard Exocentric: the meaning of the compound does not come from the meaning of its parts, e.g. redhead, egghead, turncoat

Types of Compounds 1- Solid or closed Compounds: two usually moderately short words appear together as one, e.g. housewife, lawsuit, wallpaper, make up 2- Hyphenated Compounds: two or more words are connected by a hyphen. Compounds containing affixes such as house-build(er) and a single-mind(ed) (ness), adjective-adjective compounds: bitter-sweet verb-verb compounds: freeze-dry Compounds containing particles: mother-of-pearl , salt-and-pepper

Types of Compounds 3- Open or spaced Compounds involves a newer combination of usually longer words, such as distance learning, lawn tennis.

Arabic Compounds 1. Almurrakab Al-Idafi: المركب الإضافي The syntactic relation between the components is of the possessive or genitive , e.g. earthworm دودة الارض يوم الحساب doomsday عجلة القيادة عبدالله steering wheel 2. المركب المزجي fusional compound, e.g. two or more words are fused and become as one حضرموت ، بيت لحم 3. المركب الاسنادي predicative compound: The syntactic structure is that of predication , e.g تأبط شرا (he has taken evil under his arm)

Arabic Compounds 4. الحروف المركبة compound particles are particles combined with ma which has various meanings ربما (rubba رب + ma ما ) perhaps حيثما (haythu حيث + ma ما ) whenever حالما ، لولا ، كيفما ، ريثما 5. Defective verb compound : They are usually construed with /ma ما/ as their first element. This particle may add the sense of duration or negation to the second element. ما دام ، ما برح ، ما زال ، ما انفك

Activities Divide these words into syllables: Writer blackboard recorder situation distinguish transformational Modernization اهتمام جامعة استقرار معادلة يستلهم كُتُب

Activities 2- eaten 3- drunk 4- brought 5- studied 6- swum 7- bought 1- Try to identify the allomorph of the past participle morpheme in the following words: 1- seen 2- eaten 3- drunk 4- brought 5- studied 6- swum 7- bought 8- understood 9- put