Any system of formalized symbols, signs, sounds, gestures, or the like used or conceived as a means of communicating thought and emotion

 Linguists agree that there are no existing primitive languages, and all modern human populations speak languages of comparable complexity.  All humans possess similar linguistic abilities, and no child is born with a biological predisposition favoring any one language or type of language

 By the year 2050, it is predicted that 90 percent of the world’s 6,000 languages will be dead or dying  Healthy languages are those that are passed on to younger generations

 Old English ›  Middle English ›  Early Modern English › 1500 – 1800  Late Modern English › present › om/watch?v=Suxn3gb cF6A om/watch?v=Suxn3gb cF6AHistory

 Communicative  Arbitrary  Meaningfully Structured  Multiply Structured  Productive  Dynamic Types  Verbal  Nonverbal

 A speech sound considered without reference to its status as a phoneme or an allophone in a language.  Phonemes-The smallest phonetic unit in a language that is capable of conveying a distinction in meaning, as the m of mat and the b of bat in English.  Phonemics-of or relating to phonemes of a particular language  Phonetics- the study of the articulatory and acoustic properties of the sounds of human language.

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 The pattern of formation of sentences or phrases in a language. Computer Science.  The rules governing the formation of statements in a programming language.

 A meaningful linguistic unit consisting of a word, such as man, or a word element, such as - ed in walked, that cannot be divided into smaller meaningful parts.  The morphemes of a language considered as a group (or a dictionary)  All the words of a language

 Grade 1 Student = 1,000+ words  Normal Person (Graduate) = 5,000 to 6,000+ words  University Professor = 15,000+ words  Spelling Bee Winners = 30,000+ (as claimed by them)  College Dictionary (Abridged) = 50, ,000  Total Words in English Language = 250,000+ (Growing)  Dictionary (Un-abridged) with derivatives = 450,000+

Skinner Saussure Chomsky

AgeReceptiveExpressive Birth-3monthsAware of sounds, recognize familiar voice Pleasure, pain, smiles, coos, differential cries 4-6 months“NO”, responsive to changes in tone“Vocal play”, speech like babbling 7-12 monthsListens, responds to name and requests, knows names of familiar objects Speech or other sounds to get attention, 1 st words 1-2 yrsPoints out pictures, body parts, responds to simple commands, questions. Repeat please 2-word questions, more consonants are used 2-3 yearsUnderstands 2 stage commands, contrasting concepts (hot/cold) Naming things, understood by family members 3-4Who? What? Where?Longer sentences, tell stories 4-5Hears and understands nearly everything said TO them Long detailed sentences, stories, understood clearly

 The study of language with special concern for the meanings of words and other symbols.  The study of the ability of natural language speakers to communicate more than that which is explicitly stated.  The ability to understand another speaker's intended meaning is called pragmatic competence  Pragmatics is regarded as one of the most challenging aspects for language learners to grasp, and can only truly be learned with experience. owres/cgr0149l.jpg

 Freudian Slip  Slip of the Tongue  Spoonerisms (Bass Ackwards )  Tip of the Tongue  Malapropism › What are you incinerating?..." (i.e., insinuating) — Galton and Simpson, Steptoe and Son ("Doodlebug over Shepherd's Bush") video oons/cartoonists/dpa/lowres/dpan107l.j pg

 Texting   IM  Letters  Phones  Chat Rooms  Social Networking  Slang

 Men › Communicate Information › Maintain Status › Talk about Future Action › Solve problems › Fear loss of independence › Mean talk more overall, but more in public › More activity, less conversation  Women › Talk to create and support relationships › Talk for its own sake › Establish intimacy › Seek emotional support through language › Women talk less, but more at home › Less activity, more conversation

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