Taxonomy How do we classify?
Why Classify? Study unity & diversity in an organized manner Understand relationships between organisms
How do we classify? Grouped by similar structures, embryonic development, or genetics Suggests that related organisms shared a common ancestor System most often used (but often disputed) – 5 Kingdoms
How do we classify? Kingdoms – Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia Full classification system (most general to most specific):
How do we classify? Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species As we move down the system, we are more specific in our classification
How do we classify? Way to remember: Kings Play Chess On Fridays, Generally Speaking Kelly Phillips Came Over For Girl Scouts
How do we classify? Kingdoms based on following: Presence or absence of nuclear membrane Unicellular or multicellular Type of nutrition
Members of each kingdom share major characteristics
How Do We Name Organisms? Binomial Nomenclature Two-name system Designed by Carolus Linneaus I love to classify organisms
How Do We Name Organisms? First part of name – Genus – it is Capitalized Second part – species – lowercase – Species – Species: group of organisms that are similar in structure; can mate & produce FERTILE offspring
Same species?
End result of mating = mule Mule is sterile Therefore, no FERTILE offspring can be produces, so not the same species
Same species?
Since normally these offspring are fertile, the parents are the same species
How Do We Name Organisms? Humans : Homo sapiens or Homo sapiens Name must be underlined or italicized Housecat: Felis domestica Minnow: Cyprinodon variegatus
Full Classification - Human Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Subphylum Vertebrata Class Mammalia Order Primates Family Hominidae Genus Homo Species sapiens
The Five Kingdoms Let’s go through them all!
KINGDOM MONERA Primitive cell structure Lack of membranes & organelles
KINGDOM MONERA Examples: Bacteria Blue-Green Algae
KINGDOM PROTISTA Predominantly unicelluar Plant-like OR animal-like
KINGDOM PROTISTA Protozoa: Animal-like nutrition Ameba Paramecium
KINGDOM PROTISTA Algae: Plant-like nutrition Algae Euglena
KINGDOM FUNGI Cells are branched fibers with many nuclei Food absorbed from environment Non-photosynthetic, but have cell wall
KINGDOM FUNGI Yeast
KINGDOM FUNGI Bread Mold
KINGDOM FUNGI Mushrooms
KINGDOM PLANTAE Multicellular Photosynthetic Let’s look at two different phylum – more specific
Kingdom Plantae – Phylum Bryophyta No vascular tissue (no true roots, leaves, stems) Moss
K. Plantae – Phylum Tracheophyta Have vascular tissue – true roots, leaves, & stems Fern, pine tree, maple tree, beans, corn
Kingdom Animalia Multicellular Heterotrophic
K. Animalia – Phylum Porifera Sponges?
K. Animalia – Phylum Porifera Oh…sponges! Body full of pores
K. Animalia – Phylum Coelenterata Two cell layers, hollow body cavity, one opening Hydra, Jellyfish, Sea anemone
K. Animalia – P. Platyhelminthes Bilateral symmetry, no real body cavity Flatworms (Planaria), tapeworms
Liver fluke - parasite K. Animalia – P. Platyhelminthes
Tapeworm K. Animalia – P. Platyhelminthes
K. Animalia – Phylum Nematoda Unsegmented worms Bilateral symmetry Roundworms
K. Animalia – Phylum Annelida Segemented body walls Bilateral symmetry Earthworm
K. Animalia – Phylum Mollusca Have a muscular foot Snails, Scallops, Squid, Clams, Slugs
K. Animalia – Phylum Arthropoda Jointed appendages, exoskeleton Phylum is 90% of entire animal species Grasshopper, Lobster, Spider, Insects
K. Animalia – P. Echinodermata Radial symmetry, spiny covering Starfish, Sea stars, Sea urchins, Sea cucumbers
K. Animalia – Phylum Chordata Dorsal nerve cord with supporting rod of cartilage (notochord) In development, have tail and gill slits Shark, Frog, Human