Is West Nile Virus becoming World Wide Epidemic? Stephen Pereira PH.D Candidate Walden University PUBH Environmental Health Dr. Saran Tucker-Wilkins Summer 2013

Stakeholders City and County Government State Government Federal Government Contractors Medical Personnel Private Firms Public and Private Schools Colleges and Universities Resource Articles.(2013). Stakeholder Strategy. Retrieved from

Overview What is West Nile Virus? How is the disease transmitted? Are human and animals at risk to get the disease? What are the health disparities that people face from exposure to this disease? Health New York Times.(2013).Health Guide. Retrieved from Word Press.(2012).West Nile Outbreak in the US. Retrieved from

History of West Nile Virus When was it discovered? Where was it discovered? When was the first cases discovered in the United States (US)? Where was the first cases discovered in the United States (US) Reports on findings? University of Texas Medical Branch.(2011).Discovering Dengue Drugs Together Project. Retrieved from Health NY Times(2013).Health Guide. Retrieved from

Center for Disease Control and Prevention.(2013).West Nile Transmission Index. Retrieved from Wikipedia.(2013).West Nile Virus.Retrieved from West Nile Transmission Cycle

Blood transfusions Organ transplants Exposure in a laboratory setting From mother to baby Center for Disease Control and Prevention.(2013).West Nile Transmission Index. Retrieved from Women’s Web MD.com(2013).Slideshow Anemia Overview. Retrieved from Other routes of exposure from West Nile

West Nile Virus and the Human Body How dose West Nile Virus effect the blood when a person has been effected? How dose West Nile Virus effect the liver when a person has become infected? Good Health Hub.(2013).Blood Cells. Retrieved from KATC News.(2010).West Nile Virus Spreads. Retrieved from National Institutes of Health.(2013).The New Genetics Chapter 3.Retrieved fromhttp://publications.nigms.nih.gov/thenewgenetics/chapter3.htmlhttp://publications.nigms.nih.gov/thenewgenetics/chapter3.html

What happens to 70-80% of victims that are exposed to West Nile Virus? What happens to 20-30% of victims that are exposed to West Nile Virus ? Center for Disease Control and Prevention.(2013).West Nile Symptoms. Retrieved from CNN.com.(2012).Health West Nile Virus Articles. Retrieved from Organic Liaison.com(2013). Articles Health. Retrieved from Percentage Levels of Risk of Exposure

Headache High fever Neck stiffness Stupor Disorientation Coma Tremors Convulsions Muscle weakness paralysis Permanent neurological effects West Nile Prevention.com.(2013).West Nile Symptoms. Retrieved from Symptoms

Geriatric patients People with compromised immune systems People that suffer from cancer People that suffer from diabetes People that suffer from hypertension People that suffer from kidney disease People who receive organ transplants Center for Disease Control and Prevention.(2011). West Nile Symptoms. Retrieved from Disease and conditions blogspot.com.(2011).as smile to sick person. Retrieved from People who are at risk for the most severe cases of West Nile Virus

Symptoms Treatment.org.(2012). West Nile Virus Symptoms in Adults. Retrieved from West Nile Neuroinvasive Disease (WNND)

Diagnostic Testing Laboratory tests of blood samples Laboratory tests of spinal fluid. Center for Disease Control and Prevention.(2013).West Nile Frequently Asked Questions. Retrieved from Dreamstime.com.(2013). Blood Test Image. Retrieved from

Treatment for West Nile Virus Are there any vaccines or antiviral treatment available? Is there any over-the-counter medicines that are available? How often are patients hospitalized from West Nile Virus exposure? Women’s Web MD.com(2013).Slideshow Anemia Overview. Retrieved from

Protective Measures Bug spray Protective clothing Dead birds Outdoor home inspection American Down Under.com.(2011).Japan On Alert After Finding Dead Birds Retrieved from /phantom/aann/index.php?option=com_k2&view=item&id=46:japan-on- alert-after-finding-dead-birds&Itemid=58 CA gov.(2013). West Nile Virus Prevention. Retrieved from Commissary deals.(2012).Off Repellant Coupon.Retrieved from Fairfax County.(2013). West Nile Virus Eliminate. Retrieved from

Control Measures Public health officials Protective measures Spraying pesticides Alerting the media CNN.com.(2012).Health West Nile Virus Articles. Retrieved from

Average annual incidence of West Nile virus neuroinvasive disease reported to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) by age group, Source: ArboNET, Arboviral Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Center for Disease Control and Prevention.(2012). West Nile Statistics Maps Cumulative Maps Data Retrieved from

Source: ArboNET, Arboviral Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Average annual incidence of West Nile virus neuroinvasive disease reported to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) by age group, Center for Disease Control and Prevention.(2012). West Nile Statistics Maps Cumulative Maps Data Retrieved from

Source: ArboNET, Arboviral Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Average annual incidence of West Nile virus neuroinvasive disease reported to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) by age group, Center for Disease Control and Prevention.(2012). West Nile Statistics Maps Cumulative Maps Data Retrieved from

West Nile virus disease cases reported to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) by week of illness onset, Source: ArboNET, Arboviral Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Number of reported cases to the CDC Center for Disease Control and Prevention.(2012). West Nile Statistics Maps Cumulative Maps Data Retrieved from

Center of Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Monitoring of West Nile Virus Activity by State – United States, 2013 (as of July 9, 2013) Source: ArboNET, Arboviral Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Center for Disease Control and Prevention.(2012).West Nile Statistics Maps Preliminary Maps Data. Retrieved from

Additional Sources for Reading Center for Disease Control and Prevention.(2013).West Nile Index. Retrieved from Environmental Protection Agency.(2013).Peticides facts sheets on West Nile Virus. Retrieved from Food and Drug Adminstration.(2009).New Events Testimony. Retrieved from National Institutes of Health.(2013).Medical Plus Encyclopedia Article. Retrieved from United States Department of Agriculture.(2013).National Pest Alert West Nile Virus In North America. Retrieved from

Conclusion West Nile Virus is considered a world wide epidemic. Evidence of becoming a world wide epidemic The importance of education and awareness. Local findings in the state of Texas Research and Development Closing Global News. CA.(2013).University of British Columbia Scientists Develop West Nile Virus Vaccine for Birds. Retrieved from vaccine-for-birds/ vaccine-for-birds/ West Nile.com.(2013). West Nile Virus Texas Researchers. Retrieved from

Questions Get Free Image.com.(2013).Businessman and Question Mark. Retrieved from

References Moeller, D.W.(2011). Environmental Health (4thed.).Cambridge, A: Harvard University Press ISBN: CA gov.(2013). West Nile Virus Prevention. Retrieved from Center for Disease Control and Prevention.(2013).West Nile Frequently Asked Questions. Retrieved from Center for Disease Control and Prevention.(2013).West Nile Index. Retrieved from Center for Disease Control and Prevention.(2012). West Nile Statistics Maps Cumulative Maps Data Retrieved from Center for Disease Control and Prevention.(2012).West Nile Statistics Maps Preliminary Maps Data. Retrieved from Center for Disease Control and Prevention.(2013).West Nile Symptoms. Retrieved from Center for Disease Control and Prevention.(2013).West Nile Transmission Index. Retrieved from CNN.com.(2012).Health West Nile Virus Articles. Retrieved from Disease and conditions blogspot.com.(2011).as smile to sick person. Retrieved from httphttp ://diseaseandconditions.blogspot.com/2011/05/as-smile-to-sick-person.htm References

Dreamstime.com.(2013). Blood Test Image. Retrieved from Environmental Protection Agency.(2013).Peticides facts sheets on West Nile Virus. Retrieved from Fairfax County.(2013). West Nile Virus Eliminate. Retrieved from Food and Drug Adminstration.(2009).New Events Testimony. Retrieved from Get Free Image.com.(2013).Businessman and Question Mark. Retrieved from Global News. CA.(2013).University of British Columbia Scientists Develop West Nile Virus Vaccine for Birds. Retrieved from Good Health Hub.(2013).Blood Cells. Retrieved from Health New York Times.(2013).Health Guide. Retrieved from KATC News.(2010).West Nile Virus Spreads. Retrieved from nile-virus-spreads/ nile-virus-spreads/ National Institutes of Health.(2013).Medical Plus Encyclopedia Article. Retrieved from National Institutes of Health.(2013).The New Genetics Chapter 3.Retrieved fromhttp://publications.nigms.nih.gov/thenewgenetics/chapter3.htmlhttp://publications.nigms.nih.gov/thenewgenetics/chapter3.html Organic Liaison.com(2013). Articles Health. Retrieved from vitamin-d/ vitamin-d/

References Resource Articles.(2013). Stakeholder Strategy. Retrieved from United States Department of Agriculture.(2013).National Pest Alert West Nile Virus In North America. Retrieved from University of Texas Medical Branch.(2011). Discovering Dengue Drugs Together Project. Retrieved from West Nile.com.(2013). West Nile Virus Texas Researchers. Retrieved from west-nile-cure/ west-nile-cure/ Wikipedia.(2013).West Nile.Virus.Retrieved from Women’s Web MD.com(2013).Slideshow Anemia Overview. Retrieved from overviewhttp://women.webmd.com/ss/slideshow-anemia- overview /phantom/aann/index.php?option=com_k2&view=item&id=46:japan-on- alert-after-finding-dead-birds&Itemid=58 Word Press.(2012).West Nile Outbreak in the US. Retrieved from outbreak-in-the-ushttp://emedtravel.wordpress.com/2012/08/23/west-nile-virus- outbreak-in-the-us