The Surface Currents Chapter 9. Surface Currents Wind driven Coriolis effect 45º.

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Presentation transcript:

The Surface Currents Chapter 9

Surface Currents Wind driven Coriolis effect 45º

Surface Currents Ekman Spiral V. Walfrid Ekman ~ m Ekman Transport 90 

Surface Currents Ocean Gyres

Surface Currents Geostrophic Flow

Pacific Ocean Currents North Equatorial North Pacific California Kuroshio Oyashio Alaska

Pacific Ocean Currents South Equatorial West Wind Drift Peru (Humbolt) East Australia Equatorial Countercurrent Cromwell

Atlantic Ocean Currents North Atlantic North Equatorial Gulf Stream Canary Florida Labrador East Greenland Norwegian

Atlantic Ocean Currents West Wind Drift South Equatorial Brazil Benguela

Indian Ocean Currents West Wind Drift South Equatorial West Australia Agulhas North Equatorial Equatorial Countercurrent

Arctic Ocean Currents Clockwise gyre Not centered on North Pole

Current Flow Current Speed 0.01 times average wind speed 0.1 – 0.5 m/sec Narrow straits Increase of speed Florida current Volume Sverdrups 1 Sverdrup = 1 million m 3 /sec

Current Flow Western Intensification Western Boundary Current Eastern Boundary Current

Eddies Meanders Surface or at depth Vary in size 10–100’s km in diameter Can alter surface flow pattern Retain properties

Eddies Gulf Stream Rotational speed 0.51 m/sec (1 knot) Diameter 325 km (200 mi) Reach bottom Abyssal storms

Convergence & Divergence

Langmuir Cells

Seasonal Zones

Global Currents

Milankovitch cycles 1. Shape of Earth’s orbit 100,000 years

Global Currents Milankovitch cycles 2. Tilt of Earth’s axis of rotation 41,000 years

Global Currents Milankovitch cycles 3. Circular revolution 23,000

Recent History of Climate Change Minimum solar radiation 23,000 years ago Maximum land ice & minimum water temps 17,000 years ago Return to high solar radiation 12,000 years ago

Recent History of Climate Change Younger Dryas event

Recent History of Climate Change

North Pacific Oscillations PDO Pacific Decadal Oscillation Yellow = Warm & dry Red = Cold & wet

North Atlantic Oscillations NAO Pools of warm & cool surface water 4 to 10 years

Measuring the Currents Highly sophisticated equipment:

Measuring the Currents

Current Meters

Measuring the Currents Doppler current meter Emits sound of known frequency Measures frequency of returning echoes