Packet #89 Thursday, October 22,

Cardiovascular System Introduction Functions Transport Protection Regulation Composition Heart Blood vessels Blood Thursday, October 22, 20152

Cardiovascular System II Blood Red Blood Cells Transport oxygen and carbon dioxide Contains the protein hemoglobin White Blood Cells Protect the body from foreign microbes and toxins Platelets Fragments that are responsible for clotting the blood Thursday, October 22, 20154

Cardiovascular System III Plasma (55%) Liquid portion of the blood 90% water 8% protein Waste products Nutrients Electrolytes Hormones Thursday, October 22, 20155

Blood Vessels I Arteries Thick-walled blood vessels that contain muscle tissue Muscles contract in a rhythm (pulse) Carry blood away from the heart Capillaries Microscopic blood vessels whose cell walls are only one cell thickness Place where the exchanges take place Veins Thin-walled blood vessels that lack muscular tissues Contain valves that prevent the backflow of blood Carry blood toward the heart Thursday, October 22, 20157

The Heart Muscle located in an area between the lungs Divided into four parts 2 atriums Receive blood into the heart 2 ventricles Pump blood from the heart Valves There are valves in the heart to help prevent the back flow of blood Thursday, October 22, 20159

Blood Flow I Thursday, October 22,

Blood Flow II Inferior & Superior Vena Cavas Right Atrium Right Ventricle Pulmonary Artery Carry blood towards the lungs Lungs Pulmonary Vein Carry blood from the lungs Left Atrium Left Ventricle Aorta Arteries Capillaries Veins Thursday, October 22,

Pulmonary Veins/Arteries Pulmonary Arteries Are the only arteries to transport de-oxygenated blood from the heart {going towards the lungs} Pulmonary Veins Are the only veins to transport oxygenated blood towards the heart {coming from the lungs} Thursday, October 22,

Blood Pressure Occurs from the pumping action of heart and contractions of the muscular artery walls Systolic Pressure Registered when the ventricles contract Diastolic Pressure Registered when the ventricles relax Thursday, October 22,

Introduction The immune system includes all of the structures and processes that provide a defense against potential pathogens (disease causing agents).

Human Body Defense Systems Defense Mechanisms Non-Specific Defense is a rapid response to a wide range of pathogens Specific Takes several days to mount Delivered by the Immune System Lymphocytes Thursday, October 22,

Non-Specific Defense Mechanisms Phagocytosis Engulfing of pathogens Neutrophils Macrophages Phagocytes Fever Produced by cytokines High fevers are dangerous however fevers aid in the destruction of pathogens Interferons Polypeptides that act as messengers that protect other cells in the vicinity from viral infection.

Specific Defense Mechanisms Antigens Molecules that stimulate the production of specific antibodies. These antigens though are the ones that are naturally found in the body Foreign antigens, found on foreign bacteria for example, cause the production of antibodies that are used to help destroy the foreign organisms. Haptens Small organic molecules that can become antigens if they are bond to proteins. Immunoassays When the antigen or antibody is attached to the surface of a cell, or to particles of latex rubber, the antigen-antibody reaction becomes visible because the particles agglutinate (clump) as a result of antigen- antibody bonded. These agglutinated particles can be used to assay a variety of antigens, and tests that utilize this procedure are called immunoassays.

Introduction Lymphocytes are derived from unspecialized stem cells in the bone marrow. Large numbers of lymphocytes are found in the thymus, spleen and lymph nodes. There are three types of lymphocytes T cells Thymus-dependent lymphocytes B cells Derived from the discovery of B cells in the bursa of Fabricius Mammals do not have this organ

B Cells Combat bacterial infections and some viral infections Secrete antibodies into the blood and lymph Because blood and lymph are body fluids (humors) the B cells are said to provide humeral immunity (antibody- mediated immunity)

T Cells Attack host cells that have become infected with viruses or fungi, transplanted human cells and/or cancerous cells. These cells do not secrete antibodies. Must be in close proximity to destroy the infected cell. Provide cell-mediated immunity.

Introduction The non-specific defense systems utilizes different “defensive lines” in order to be successful.

The Immune System Non-Specific Defense System Barriers/Mechanisms The First Line of Defense The Skin Mucous Membranes Cilia Lines the lungs Gastric Juice In the stomach Kills most microbes Thursday, October 22,

The Immune System Non-Specific Defense Barriers/Mechanisms The Second Line of Defense Second Line of Defense Inflammatory Response Redness; swelling; heat; pain Lymphocytes are activated. Fever is developed. Thursday, October 22,

The Immune System Non-Specific Barriers/Mechanisms The Third Line of Defense Third Line of Defense Consists of mechanisms and agents that target specific antigens Via the use of lymphocytes. Thursday, October 22,