Honors Marine Biology Marine Vertebrates II Module 7 November 29, 2012

Notebook Check Through Module 6 Grade Recommendations will be passed out next week.

Class Challenge

Quiz # 13 Name the 5 Sea Turtles found in Florida. As citizens what actions can be taken to protect Sea Turtles.

The 5 Species of Sea Turtles found in Florida LOGGERHEAD GREEN TURTLE LEATHERBACK KEMP'S RIDLEY HAWKSBILL

As citizens we can take the following actions to protect Sea Turtles: 1.Do not disturb sea turtles on shore while nesting; 2.Do not disturb nests and hatchlings; 3.Plan and regulate beach development, driving and lighting; 4.Require TED (Turtle Excluder Devices) on all shrimp boat nets; 5.Keep plastic bags, fishing twine and other debris off beaches and out of water. 6.Boating, fishing and dredging can harm and kill sea turtles.

Fresh Water Springs

Florida’s Natural Springs Under Assault orts/florida-springs/index.html

The Florida Everglades

Restore Florida Bay: Everglades Eco Lab (6:24) nTb-Y&feature=plcp nTb-Y&feature=plcp

Marine Vertebrates Module 6 Review In Module 6 we have studied Vertebrata: 1.Class Agnatha (Jawless fishes) 2.Class Chondrichthyes (Cartilaginous fishes) 3.Class Osteichthyes (Bony fishes)

Marine Vertebrates Module 7 In subphylum Vertebrata, there are four more major classes: 1.Amphibia (The Amphibians) 2.Reptilia (The Reptiles) 3.Aves (The Birds) 4.Mammalia (The mammals)

Class Reptilia pg. 158 Alligators, lizards, snakes and turtles. These animals are covered with trough, dry scales that help prevent water loss. Many of these reptiles breathe air with their lungs and must return to the surface of the ocean to breathe. There eggs are laid on dry land.

Thermoregulation Some biologists consider most reptile species to be behavioral thermoregulators in that they can and do move themselves in and out of sunny and shady areas to regulate body temperatures. They do not have internal mechanisms for maintaining constant body temperatures like endotherms, but they use external conditions.

Sea Turtle Documentary Sea World Turtle Documentary

Class Aves ORNITHOLOGY is the study of birds and a person who does this is called an Ornithologist.

Class Aves Marine birds are present in a wider array of sea environments than are marine reptiles, because they are endothermic and extremely mobile. This allows them to maintain a more constant body heat no matter what the surrounding temperatures are.

Feathers Their bodies are covered in feathers, which behave as a coat to keep in body heat when needed. If the bird needs to release body heat, feathers can be shed to “thin” the coat. Most birds have waterproof feathers, they have a special gland at the base of their tail that produces oil that they use to cover their feathers.

Salt Glands Like sea turtles, sea birds have salt glands that remove extra salts from their bodies.

Beaks of Marine Birds - Figure 7.3

Feathers are one of the main features of a bird, and they are unique to birds. Every bird has feathers and everything that has feathers is a bird. Feathers perform a number of functions for a bird. First, they provide insulation, and this is very important in a warm blooded animal. The body temperature of most birds must be kept at around 40C. It is believed that prehistoric birds developed feathers to keep themselves warm. They also protect birds from UV light. Secondly, feathers allow for flight. The shape of feathers enable it to utilize air flow. Thirdly, feathers control what a bird looks like. A bird without feathers would not look nice and would not live long. Feathers provide warmth, colour for camouflage, sexual characteristics and sexual display.

There are many different wing shapes, depending on the species of bird and its habitat and lifestyle. Some wings are suited to short bursts of flight, others for long flights over oceans. Some, like harriers, are made for soaring, while a hummingbirds wings allow it to fly backwards. Short, rounded wings are found on birds that only fly short distances, such as kokako and pheasant. Long, pointed wings are found on fast flying birds such as falcons and swallows.

A bird uses it's tail for steadying itself in flight and uses it as a flap to slow down the air speed without stalling. Some birds fly in mainly straight lines, while others make sharp turns in flight. Tails acts like a rudder, the feathers opening and closing like a fan, moving up and down and twisting from left to right.

HOW BIRDS FLY There are two natural forces that a bird must overcome so that it can fly: Gravity - the force that draws all objects to the ground. (If you let go of an object from your hand, it will fall to the ground because of gravity.) Drag - the force that slows things down. (If you move your flattened hand, palm forwards, through the air, this is the force you feel on the palm or back of your hand.)

If we take a slice through a bird's wing its shape is like a teardrop. This is called an aerofoil. When an oncoming stream of air hits the leading edge of an aerofoil it splits into two air streams, one passing over the top of the aerofoil and the other underneath.

The air streams below the aerofoil bunch together forming a higher pressure region whilst those above spread apart to form a lower pressure region. The difference in pressure above and below the aerofoil creates lift. Each primary feather can be rotated and several outermost primaries turn forward, with the leading edge of each low and acting as small separate propellers.

Thrust is the force required to overcome drag and drive the bird forwards. The bird must generate a force, called LIFT, that pushes it away from the ground, and another force called thrust that pushes it forward through the air. If we watch a large bird that has a slow wing beat, such as a heron, we can see that the wing is not simply flapping up and down. On the down stroke, the wing tip moves downwards and slightly forwards and on the upstroke the tip also moves backwards.

Birds can also 'bank' by tilting one wing higher than the other or by beating one wing slightly faster than the other. Most songbirds fly about 40-50kms per hour and some shorebirds are suspected of reaching nearly 160kms per hour. The Peregrine falcon is considered to be the fastest bird, reaching up to 300kms per hour

At risk : Birds of the Gulf Coast (2:08) How Nature works: Barrier Islands Foraging Strategies (7:02) Deepwater Horizon - One year later ( 6:18) Epic Journeys Documentary clip (2:19) O50Cb7NHUEyRVw&index=0&feature=plcp O50Cb7NHUEyRVw&index=0&feature=plcp

Birds on the Brigg

Experiment 7.B: Examining Bird Feathers

Homework Read Module 7 pages 169 – 182 OYO Questions Study Guide: Define d – e ; 13 – 28 Class Challenge: Class Quiz: Bird Trivia Grade Recommendations given next week.