Lecture One: Disrupting an “Old World,” to Create a “New World.” #1The World and Water #2European Exploration and Colonization #3Indigenous Communities in North America

#1: The World- 15 th Century By 1500 Geo-political map: trade, conflict, and disease Spice World: Japan, China, Molucca Islands, Borneo, Sumatra, India Gunpowder Empires: Ottoman Empire, Portuguese, Spanish, Safavid, Russia Rodolfo Acuna: Occupied America: Spain in North America: violent disruption 15 th and 16 th Centuries Era of Western global exploration, expansion Warfare- land and religion-played out in “New World”- Spanish verses English Foundations for “contact and conquest”- Africa, Meso-American states

Water: Cross-Cultural Interactions Commercial New trade routs= increase in port cities Merchant houses in Europe Mercantilism Network of over-seas European colonies Supported by war Triangle Trade= enslavement in New World Cultural- Religion and Ideas Biological Food crops, animal stocks, disease (The Columbian Exchange) European mariners New sea routes to markets of Asia Direct contact with sub-Saharan Africa and Asia Gave rise to early modern history (the Atlantic World) 15 th century, Portuguese, Spanish, Dutch trading posts on coast of West Africa “Liquid foundation”- empire building/ conquest of “New World”

#2: Motives and Support Systems for European Exploration Motives Economics Religion Adventure/Fame Occurred Emergence of centralized European monarchies Sufficient wealth to finance endeavors New technologies: maps, charts, ships, compass, knowledge of winds Support System Transportation networks Silk Roads in China Caravans in Sahara desert Sea-lanes: Water: Indian, Atlantic and Pacific Ocean basins

Europeans and the Columbian Exchange

Exploration and Colonization in the “New” World China: Indian Ocean Basin Portuguese: Africa’s west coast 15 th century Goals: expand Christianity/ Commercial activities Colonization of Atlantic Islands Indian Ocean trade Muslim intermediaries Portuguese ships with cannons=European imperialism Christopher Columbus: plan rejected by Portuguese/sponsored by Spain Spain: Violent intrusion into Americas Conquistadors Hernan Cortes Encomienda System Natives became Spanish subjects Catholic Missionaries: “a double-edged sword” Protestant Reformation intensified national rivalries Decline of Indigenous population- import of enslaved Africans Results of Spanish conquest

Historical Snapshot: The Explorer and the Lady Hernando de Soto and Lady Cofitachequi Chiefdom of Coftachequi No Gifts Pearls and Diplomatic Maneuverings Desoto and the Tombs of the Dead Impact of Invasion Spanish Legacy

#3: Indigenous Societies Physical Environments Three Types of Regional Cultures Matrilineal and Patriarchy Three Eras: Paleo-Indian era Archaic Era Pre-Columbian Era

Indigenous Communities Encounter European Invader Christopher Columbus- “Children of Nature.” Gender Assumptions of Indigenous Women Squaws Convinced of their own superiority… 4 Consequences of Contact

Indigenous Perceptions of the Invader Odd, Foolish, Strange Body Odors Food Preparation and Seasoning Ignored Religious Rituals No Gifts Housing Ignored Women as Negotiators

Images of Indigenous Women Pocahontas: The Noble Indian Princess Creation of the Squaw Media and Stereotypes