What open access can do for you and your country; and what you and your country can do for open access Alma Swan Key Perspectives Ltd Truro, UK

Old paradigms Use of proxy measures of an individual scientists merit is as good as it gets It is a journals responsibility to disseminate your work Printed article is the format of record Other scientists have time to search out what you want them to know Key Perspectives Ltd

New paradigms Rich, deep, broad metrics for measuring the contributions of individual scientists Effective dissemination of your work is now in your hands (at last) The digital format will be the format of record (is already in many areas) Unless you routinely publish in Nature or Science, getting it out there is up to you Key Perspectives Ltd

Open Access: What is it? Online Immediate Free (non-restricted) Free (gratis) To the scholarly literature that authors give away Permanent Key Perspectives Ltd

Open Access: how? Open Access journals ( Open Access repositories (author self-archiving) Key Perspectives Ltd

Open Access: Why should we have it? Benefits to researchers themselves Benefits to institutions Benefits to national economies Benefits to science and society Key Perspectives Ltd

For you, for your institution, for your country Increases individuals impact Increases institutional impact Increases a countrys impact Certainly has financial implications in all three respects Enables better monitoring, assessment and management of science Key Perspectives Ltd

Open Access increases citations Key Perspectives Ltd Range = 50%-200% (Data: Stevan Harnad and co-workers)

The USouthampton conundrum… Key Perspectives Ltd The G-Factor rankings (universitymetrics.com)

Why is Southampton so strong? Strong research base TBL et al Mandatory deposit of research output in ECS repository for 4 years (c11K items) University repository actively managed and now to have mandatory deposit All = very strong web presence Key Perspectives Ltd

Lost citations, lost impact Only around 15% of research is Open Access…. ….. so 85% is not ….. and we are therefore losing 85% of the 50% increase in citations (conservative end of the range) that Open Access brings (= 42.5%) Key Perspectives Ltd

National economies Belgian scientists: articles in 2005 Number of citations: If all had been OA, there would have been (42.5% more) citations Since the Belgian Government invested 1.29 bn in S&T in 2005 ….. This means lost impact worth 0.55 bn to the Belgian economy Key Perspectives Ltd

Sacrificed impact Key Perspectives Ltd

Measure, assess, and manage science more effectively Assess individuals, groups, institutions, on the basis of citation analysis Manage, assess scientific programmes to the benefit of our societies Key Perspectives Ltd

Navigation and analysis of science output: Citebase Find researchers Measure citations to articles (not journals) Follow the citations through the literature Measure downloads (and predict citations) Use citation patterns to analyse science Key Perspectives Ltd

Track citation history Key Perspectives Ltd

This articles citation / hits / history Citations Downloads References Cited by Co-cited Key Perspectives Ltd

Measure, assess, and manage science more effectively Assess individuals, groups, institutions, on the basis of citation analysis Track trends: growth, latency, longevity Identify hubs and authorities Identify silent, unsung contributors Predict impact, directions Manage, assess scientific programmes to the benefit of our societies Key Perspectives Ltd

The RAE Move to metrics Correlation between RAE ratings and mean departmental citations (1996) and (2001) [Eysenck & Smith, 2002] Now an RAE plug-in for the EPrints software Key Perspectives Ltd

Repositories: interoperable Show their content in a specific form Harvested by search engines Form a database of global research Freely available Publicly available Permanently available Key Perspectives Ltd

Open Access repositories circa 1000 worldwide 13 in Belgium (6 for e-theses) Open source software (e.g. EPrints from Southampton University) Key Perspectives Ltd

If you build it … … will they come? No, you will only capture 15-20% of your research output if you leave it to researchers Key Perspectives Ltd

Author readiness to comply with a mandate 81% 14% 5% Key Perspectives Ltd

Data courtesy of Arthur Sale Key Perspectives Ltd

Data courtesy of Arthur Sale Key Perspectives Ltd

Data courtesy of Arthur Sale Key Perspectives Ltd

Institutions with a mandate already University of Southampton School of Electronics & Computer Science (since 2003) (90+% compliance already) CERN (2003) (90% compliance already) Queensland University of Technology (2004) (40%+ compliance and growing) University of Minho, Portugal (2005) Recently, NIT (Mumbai), Zurich University and others on the way … Key Perspectives Ltd

Mandates Come in different flavours Some dont even seem like a mandate The language you use can be constructed to avoid any contention Key Perspectives Ltd

Case study I: ECS, Southampton School of Electronics & Computer Science, University of Southampton Mandate early 2003 Sanctioned in the sense that assessment is based upon repository content It works Key Perspectives Ltd

Case study II: Minho University Minho University, Braga, Portugal Repository established 2003 Mandate introduced 2005 when self-archiving rate dropped off Mandate backed by financial incentives paid to departments Key Perspectives Ltd

Minho University repository Mandate introduced (Data courtesy of Eloy Rodrigues) Key Perspectives Ltd

Case study III: QUT QUT, Brisbane Mandate introduced by DVC Tom Cochrane at the beginning of 2004 Not sanctioned, but supported by vigorous and sympathetic library advocacy Key Perspectives Ltd

The optimal policy language Researchers will deposit the full article immediately upon acceptance The metadata MUST be revealed (set as Open Access) The rest of the article may be made Open Access when appropriate Key Perspectives Ltd

Author readiness to comply with a mandate 81% 14% 5% Key Perspectives Ltd

To commune with pigs is restful to the harassed mind (Aristotle) Key Perspectives Ltd

Thank you for listening Key Perspectives Ltd