CBA #1 Review 2015/2016

Maps

Geographers use maps for many reasons Locate places Infer relationships about people & places See how populations change over time Understand climate Look at physical features And many more – maps can be made using a great variety of information

Why Maps?

How do you know what the different types of maps are?

Political Maps Usually colored by country or by state Political colors make it easy to compare size, shape, and location Bold letters often make the country names stand out Symbols make it easy to tell capitals from other cities Political maps also name certain physical features, such as rivers and lakes

World Political Map

Physical Map Has colors that make natural patterns stand out The colors on the map can stand for types of vegetation, mountain, and natural features Names of big natural features are easy to see Physical maps also include some political information, such as boundaries

World Physical Map

Climate Map The climate of a place is the weather it has season by season, year after year Rainfall and temperature are climate ’ s main ingredients Climate is affected by elevation, distance from the ocean, and latitude

World Climate Map

Land Use Resource Map These maps show how land is being used. This might refer to: vegetation crops being grown forest vs. Agriculture mines and wells city zoning.

Elevation Maps Maps that show elevation change by using color or shading.

Topographic Map These maps generally represent a small area with a lot of detail. They show elevation with contour lines, natural and man-made features.

Topographic Map

Types of Maps 1.This map represents a small area with lots of detail. It has contour lines as well as natural and man-made features. _______________ 2.This map uses colors to show height above sea level. ____________________________ 3.These colorful maps show lines that people use to divide countries and states. They also show major cities. _____________________ 4.These maps show physical features on the Earth like rivers, mountains, and deserts. ____________________________ 5.These maps show how land is being used. For example, they might show which crops are being grown or what animals are being raised. __________________________ 6.These maps show climate regions. ___________________

All places have traits that give them meaning and character and make them different from other places on earth. Geographers describe place by two specific definitions: Physical Characteristics The physical characteristics of a place make up its natural environment. They include land forms, bodies of water, climate, soils, natural vegetation, and animal life. Human Characteristics: The human characteristics of a place come from human ideas and actions. They include bridges, houses, and parks. Human characteristics of place also include land use, density of population, language patterns, religion, architecture, and political systems. Place

Physical Characteristics - features about a place that make it unique Place 2

Physical Characteristics – including animal life. Where would you find these animals? Place 3

Human Characteristics Human Characteristics: The human characteristics of a place come from human ideas and actions. They include bridges, houses, and parks. Human characteristics of place also include land use, density of population, language patterns, religion, architecture, and political systems. Place 4

Human Characteristics Architecture Place 5

Human Characteristics - clothing Place 6

Location describes where something is, and is broken into two parts: Absolute Location: answers the questions: Where is it? Using coordinates allows everyone in the world to find the same location. Latitude and Longitude are used for absolute location. Absolute Location

The second part is: Relative Location: answers the question of where a place is located in relation to other places. It tells you what something is near. Example 1: New Orleans is located at the place where the Mississippi River empties into the Gulf of Mexico Example 2: Chicken Express is near the Wal-Mart in Taylor, TX Relative Location Relative Location also uses directions to show where a place is. Example: North Dakota is south of Canada.

GPS & GIS

GPS & GIS are part of location

What is GPS? GPS stands for Global Positioning System GPS is a satellite navigation system designed to provide accurate position, velocity, and time information almost anywhere in the world the present system is known as NAVSTAR - NAVigation Satellite Timing And Ranging the GPS program operated and controlled by the US Department of Defense, since it allows remote control of planes & drones

How does GPS work? Each satellite broadcasts its orbital position as a modulated signal Receiver determines the difference between the time signal from the satellite and its own internal clock The distance from the satellite can be calculated using the speed of light (300,000 km/second) Position and distance from 3 or 4 satellites allows triangulation of receiver ’ s position

GPS Components

Geographic Information Systems - GIS GIS is a spatial database with a strong visual display component, providing lots of information about the earth GIS is not primarily a mapping program, but it is used to make many kinds of maps GIS was developed in the early 1980s GIS makes it easier to see geographic patterns, which allows for faster decision-making

GIS #2 GPS is used to gather date, while GIS is the layering of data GIS is used for communication networks and Internet connectivity GIS is used for designing & managing road networks GIS is used to plan routes for medical emergency services GIS is used for marketing too

Determine whether the following apply to GPS or GIS 1. Layers data to make decisions about urban planning easier 2. Find absolute location 3. Allows remote control of planes & drones 4. Provides routes for emergency medical services 5. Provides directions 6. Helps geographers see patterns

Regions!

Geographic Regions: by definition Formal regions are areas in which a certain characteristic is found throughout them. Functional regions consist of a central place and the surrounding places affected by it. Perceptual regions are defined by people’s attitudes and feelings about areas.

Formal Regions: Political Areas in which a certain characteristic is found throughout, such as language, climate, vegetation, religion, physical features, etc. Political units: where all people are subject to same laws and government. Examples are: States Countries Cities

Formal Regions: Great Plains & the Pampas Great Plains - temperate (warm) grasslands and fertile soils, have similar vegetation, climate & elevation Pampas - Argentina and southern South America: temperate (warm) grasslands and fertile soils, have similar vegetation, climate & elevation

Formal Regions: Patagonia Patagonia: Windswept plateau south of the Pampas Desolate Dry Cold

Formal Regions: Chinatown (San Francisco, CA) Chinatown - San Francisco (other big cities in USA) - Chinese people, restaurants, stores. This is an example of using cultural traits to define a region.

Functional Regions Consist of a central place and the surrounding places affected by it. Often linked by the flow or movement of something Example: Dallas-Fort Worth TX Metropolitan Area = linked by a common airport Example: A trade route is also a functional region.

Functional Region: The Andean Highlands The Andes Mountains and surrounding highlands are a functional region, based on common economic activities

Perceptual Regions Are defined by people’s attitudes and feelings about areas. May vary by individual perceptions The American South: sometimes known as * “Heart of Dixie” * “Dixie” * “Cotton Belt”

Perceptual Regions: Texas What are some perceptions people have about Texas?

Boundaries & Borders

What is a Boundary? Boundaries between political units such as cities, states, or countries are formed in TWO WAYS. Some borders are man-made, while others are natural. IT’S A BORDER!!!

Physical features such as rivers, mountains, deserts, and lakes often form natural borders between places. Natural Borders The Himalayan Mountains act as a natural boundary between India & China.

This river forms part of the border between the United States and Mexico Rio Grande

There are many man-made borders around the world. Sometimes man-made borders are drawn along a line of latitude or longitude and are straight. Others are not straight lines. HUMAN Borders

built between 220 and 206 BC by Chinese Emperor Qin Shi Huang to defend China's northern border from invaders. Using great military strength was another way for ancient civilizations to protect themselves. Great Wall of China

Long before Oregon became a U.S. state, it was jointly occupied by the United States and Great Britain. U.S. and Britain agreed to split Oregon at the 49th parallel. This agreement created the border between U.S. and Canada. 49th parallel