Special Relativity: “all motion is relative” Chapter 1: Relativity Special Relativity: “all motion is relative” All motion is described relative to an inertial frame of reference Inertial frame: frame of reference in which Newton’s law of inertia holds Inertial frames are (mathematically) simpler in Special Relativity, and are related in a (mathematically simple) manner. Accelerations and forces are accounted for in S.R. General Relativity = Special Relativity + Gravity (“curved space time” = more complex relations between inertial reference frames) Postulates of Special Relativity The laws of physics are the same in all inertial frames of reference. (mathmatical form, conservation laws, etc.) The speed of light in free space has the same value for all inertial frames of reference. v ~ 3.00E8 m/s

The First Postulate and “everyday” relativity: The laws of physics are the same in all inertial frames of reference. x y z x’ y’ z’ v x’ = x - vt y’ = y z’ = z t’ = t Conservation of momentum, kinetic energy, etc But waves like sound waves have “special” inertial frame, the frame at rest w.r.t. medium

Second Postulate: The speed of light in free space has the same value for all inertial frames of reference need a new relationship between coordinates of different inertial frames linear, invertible “transformation” = Lorentz Transformations

timing with a moving mirror Time Dialation: the time interval between events depends upon the inertial observer proper time t0: the time interval between two events in a frame of reference where the events occur at the same place. timing with a moving mirror c t/2 c t0/2 L0 L0 v v t/2 v

Time Dialation and the passage of time t0 = time interval for clock at rest relative to an observer = proper time t = time interval for clock in motion relative to an observer, t > t0 v = speed of relative motion c = speed of light Example 1.1: A spacecraft is moving relative to the earth. An observer finds that, according to her clock, 3601s elapse between 1 PM and 2 PM on the spacecrafts’s clock. What is the spacecraft’s speed relative to the earth?

Doppler Effect: frequency shifts due to moving source/observer doppler effect for sound n0 = emitted frequency n = detected frequency v = speed of observer V = speed of source c = speed of sound But, light does not require a medium!

Doppler effect with light: three cases 1- observer moving perpendicular to a line between him and light source time between ticks is dilated source

Doppler effect with light: three cases 2- observer moving away from source time between ticks is dilated next tick travels farther source

Doppler effect with light: three cases 2- observer moving away towards source time between ticks is dilated next tick travels less distance source

Example 1. 2: A driver is caught going through a red light Example 1.2: A driver is caught going through a red light. The driver claims that the color she actually saw was green (n = 5.60x1014 Hz) and not red (n 0= 4.80x1014 Hz) because of the doppler effect. How fast must she have been going? Example 1.3: A distant galaxy Hydra is receding grom the earth at 6.12x107 m/s. By how much is a green spectral line of wavelength l = 500 nm emitted by this galaxy shifted towards the red end of the spectrum?

Length Contraction: determining the extent of a moving object L0 =vt v v L =vt0 Example: Muons created in earth’s atmosphere by cosmic rays have speeds of about 2.994x108 m/s(.998c) At rest, a muon lifetime is about 2.2 ms. -How far would these muons travel in 2.2 ms? -What is the time dialated lifetime? How far do they travel in THIS amount of time? -What is the length contracted distance of the previous answer, as seen in the muons frame of reference? -How far does the earth move relative to the muons during the 2.2 mslifetime?

The Twin “Paradox”: a counter-intuitive result Two twins on earth are separated temporarily when one twin takes a trip at .80c to a star twenty light years away. Earth bound twin: round trip takes 2x(20 ly / .8ly/y) = 50 years Traveling twin: Earth-Star distance is length contracted to so round trip takes 2x(12 ly / .8ly/y) = 30 years Twins age differently! Travelling twin does not stay in one inertial reference frame, situation is not symetric. Example 1.4: Each twin emits a radio signal once a year for the duration of the voyage. How many signals does each twin recieve?

Electricity and Magnetism Maxwell’s Equations Integral Form Differential Form Lorentz Force Law Mathematically invariant formulation electric charge is a relativistic invariant quantity Maxwell’s equations -> Wave Equation

Relativistic Inertia (“relativistic mass”) consider elastic collision between two identical (when at rest) masses y V’B Ball A moves vertically only in frame S with speed VA , Ball B moves vertically only in frame S’ with speed VB ’= VA . Ball A rebounds in S with speed VA , Ball B rebounds in S’ with speed VB’ . y’ Y VA S x S’ x’ z v z’ Y/2 Y/2 Collision in S Collision in S’

Example 1. 5: Find the mass of an electron (m0 = 9 Example 1.5: Find the mass of an electron (m0 = 9.1E-31 kg)whose speed is .99c.

Example 1.6: A stationary body explodes into two fragments each of mass 1kg that move apart at speeds 0.6c relative to the original body. Find the rest mass of the original body. Example 1.7: Solar energy reaches the earth at a rate of about 1.4kW/m2. Given that the average radius of the earth’s orbit is 1.5E11 m, how much mass does the sun lose per second?

General momentum-energy relations

Electronvolts: typical energy scale for atomic physics 1eV = 1.6E-19 Coulomb x 1 Volt = 1.6E-19 J X-Ray energies ~ keV Nuclear Physics ~ MeV Particle Physics ~ GeV Example : What are the momenta and speeds of a 5 MeV -electron? (m0 = .511 MeV/c2, -proton? (m0 = 938 MeV/c2, -photon? (m0 = 0 MeV/c2).

Chapter 1 problems: 1,2,4,5,7,9,10,11,12,16,19,20,22,32,33,34,35,36,41,47,49