Under 1 year1 - 2 years Child-Care Arrangements for Infants with Working Mothers Own home Other home Other Child-Care facility

Infants were rated on 9 personality dimensions: Activity level Rhythmicity Approach/withdrawal Adaptability Emotional reactivity Responsiveness to stimuli Mood (positive or negative) Distractibility Attention span Then classified into three categories of temperament: Easy (40%) Difficult (10%) Slow to Warm Up (15%) 35% were unclassifiable Infants were rated on 9 personality dimensions: Activity level Rhythmicity Approach/withdrawal Adaptability Emotional reactivity Responsiveness to stimuli Mood (positive or negative) Distractibility Attention span Then classified into three categories of temperament: Easy (40%) Difficult (10%) Slow to Warm Up (15%) 35% were unclassifiable Summary of Temperament Research

Comparison of Infant Temperament in Four Cultural Groups Activity level Rhythmicity Approach-withdrawal Adaptability Emotional reactivity Responsiveness to stimulation Quality of mood Distractibility Attention span HHHHLLHHHHHHHLLHHH HHHHLLHHHHHHHLLHHH LLLLHHLLLLLLLHHLLL LLLLHHLLHLLLLHHLLH DimensionAmericanAutralianGreekChinese Cultural Group Note: H = high level of the temperamental quality; L = low level of the temperamental quality. Source: Prior et al. (1987)

PHASE I: INDISCRIMINANTE SOCIABILITY Infant shows no preference among care-givers PHASE II: ATTACHMENTS IN THE MAKING Infant shows increasing preference for most familiar and responsive individuals PHASE III: SPECIFIC, CLEAR-CUT ATTACHMENTS Infant displays separation anxiety and stranger anxiety PHASE IV :GOAL-COORDINATED PARTNERSHIPS Infant can increasingly tolerate short parental absences BOWLBY'S PHASES OF ATTACHMENT FORMATION Birth - 2 months months months 24 months (Bowlby, 1969)

ATTACHMENT CLASSIFICATIONS Secure attachment Avoidant attachment Ambivalent attachment Disorganized/disoriented attachment

Psychoanalytic: “I love you because you feed me.” (Freudian) Learning Theory: “I love you because you’re reinforcing.” (Skinner) Cognitive: “I love you because I know you.” (Piaget) Ethological: “I love you because I was born to love.” (Bowlby) Contact Comfort: “I love you because you are cuddly.” (Harlow) Psychoanalytic: “I love you because you feed me.” (Freudian) Learning Theory: “I love you because you’re reinforcing.” (Skinner) Cognitive: “I love you because I know you.” (Piaget) Ethological: “I love you because I was born to love.” (Bowlby) Contact Comfort: “I love you because you are cuddly.” (Harlow) Theories of Attachment

Forming Attachments: The "Cloth Mother" and "Wire Mother" Experiment cloth fed wire fed cloth mother wire mother MEAN AGE (DAYS) HOURS SPENT WITH MOTHER

The Episode of the Strange Situation Number of Episode Persons PresentDurationBrief Description of Action Mother, baby, and observer Mother and baby Stranger, mother, and baby Stranger and baby Mother and baby Baby alone Stranger and baby Mother and baby 30 seconds 3 minutes 3 minutes or less a 3 minutes or more b 3 minutes or less a 3 minutes Observer introduces mother and baby to experimental room, then leaves. Mother is non-participant while baby explores; if necessary, play is stimulated after 2 minutes. Stranger enters. Minute 1: stranger silent. Minute 2: stranger converses with mother. Minute 3: stranger approaches baby. After 3 minutes mother leaves unobtrusively. First separation episode. Stranger's behavior is geared to that of baby. First reunion episode. Mother greets and comforts baby then tries to settle him again in play. Mother then leaves, saying bye-bye. Second separation episode. Continuation of second separation. Stranger enters and gears her behavior to that of baby. Second reunion episode. Mother enters, greets baby, then picks him up. Meanwhile stranger leaves unobtrusively. a Episode is curtailed if the baby is unduly distressed. b Episode is prolonged if more time is required for the baby to become involved in play. Source: Campos et al., 1983.

Patterns of Adult and Infant Attachment Attachment PatternAdult or Infant Infant Adult Infant Adult Infant Adult Infant Adult Secure Autonomous (secure) Avoidant (insecure) Dismissing (Insecure) Resistant (insecure) Preoccupied (insecure) Disorganized-disoriented Unresolved Description of Pattern Displays positive affect sharing when nondistressed Describes childhood, both positive and negative aspects; relationships are valued and important. Avoid caregiver; suppresses attachment behaviors and focuses on external environment Fails to recall details of childhood relationships; relationships are not valued or important Behaves ambivalently about contact, both signaling for it and rejecting it Describes childhood relationship experiences incoherently and exhibits angry preoccupation Exhibits one or more strange or bizarre conflict behaviors, directed toward caregiver toward caregiver. Lacks resolution of mourning after a significant loss or severely traumatic experience. Source: Adapted from van Ijzendoorn & Bakermans-Karenburg (1997).

Summary of Psychosocial Development in the First Two Years Attachment to the caretaker is formed. Infants are in Freud’s “oral” psychosexual stage. Infants go through Erikson’s Trust vs. Mistrust crisis. From total dependency, growing personal autonomy emerges in the second year. Attachment to the caretaker is formed. Infants are in Freud’s “oral” psychosexual stage. Infants go through Erikson’s Trust vs. Mistrust crisis. From total dependency, growing personal autonomy emerges in the second year.

Increasingly complex, imaginative play. Well-developed self image and gender identity Resolves the Oedipus or Electra complex. Resolves the Eriksonian crisis of Initiative vs. Guilt. Parenting style and disciplinary approach affect child. Increasingly complex, imaginative play. Well-developed self image and gender identity Resolves the Oedipus or Electra complex. Resolves the Eriksonian crisis of Initiative vs. Guilt. Parenting style and disciplinary approach affect child. Summary of Early Childhood Psychosocial Development