Rome

Geography Rome is in Italy which is around the midpoint of the Mediterranean Sea Rome is in Italy which is around the midpoint of the Mediterranean Sea 3 groups made up Italy: 3 groups made up Italy: Latins (built Rome) Latins (built Rome) Greeks Greeks Etruscans (took over Rome) Etruscans (took over Rome)

Rome Rome was founded by 2 brothers, Romulus and Remus. Rome was founded by 2 brothers, Romulus and Remus. They were abandoned on the Tiber river and raised by a she-wolf They were abandoned on the Tiber river and raised by a she-wolf

Rome Romans were borrowers Romans were borrowers In the early years of Rome, they borrowed the Etruscans’ writing, alphabet, and architecture In the early years of Rome, they borrowed the Etruscans’ writing, alphabet, and architecture They borrowed the Greek Gods and changed their names They borrowed the Greek Gods and changed their names Examples: Zeus=Jupiter, Ares=Mars, Hermes=Mercury, Poseidon=Saturn, Hades=Neptune Examples: Zeus=Jupiter, Ares=Mars, Hermes=Mercury, Poseidon=Saturn, Hades=Neptune

Roman Republic The Etruscans took over Rome and placed their kings over the Latins. The Etruscans took over Rome and placed their kings over the Latins. The Latins in Rome overthrew the last Etruscan king, Tarquin the Proud and they said they would never be ruled by a king. The Latins in Rome overthrew the last Etruscan king, Tarquin the Proud and they said they would never be ruled by a king.

Roman Republic Rome started a republic, a government where people vote for their leaders Rome started a republic, a government where people vote for their leaders However, only free- born male could vote. However, only free- born male could vote.

Roman Republic 3 groups made up Rome: 3 groups made up Rome: Patricians: landowners who held the power Patricians: landowners who held the power Plebians: common people Plebians: common people Slaves Slaves

Roman Republic Executive Executive Two Consuls Two Consuls “I forbid” = veto “I forbid” = veto Legislative Legislative Senate - Patricians Senate - Patricians Assembly – Plebeians Assembly – Plebeians Judicial Judicial 8 Praetors 8 Praetors Executive Executive Pres/VP Only Pres can veto Legislative Legislative Senate House of Representatives Judicial Judicial 9 Supreme Court Judges United States

Rome Government In an emergency, Rome could appoint a dictator to make laws and command the army. However, power only lasted 6 months In an emergency, Rome could appoint a dictator to make laws and command the army. However, power only lasted 6 months

Roman Republic These laws were written on 12 stone tablets and put in the Forum where everyone can see them These laws were written on 12 stone tablets and put in the Forum where everyone can see them They were called the Twelve Tables They were called the Twelve Tables

Roman Army The Roman Army was made up of legions The Roman Army was made up of legions Each legion is made up of 5000 heavily armed foot soldiers and each legion had its own flag (its eagle) Each legion is made up of 5000 heavily armed foot soldiers and each legion had its own flag (its eagle)

Rome expands Rome eventually conquered all of Italy with its legions Rome eventually conquered all of Italy with its legions Those they conquered were given the citizenship with Rome except the right to vote. Those they conquered were given the citizenship with Rome except the right to vote. Rome left the conquered with local control as long as they send men and did not make treaties with enemies of Rome Rome left the conquered with local control as long as they send men and did not make treaties with enemies of Rome

Punic Wars As Rome expanded, it fought with another nation called Carthage over trade. As Rome expanded, it fought with another nation called Carthage over trade. They fought 3 wars called the Punic Wars They fought 3 wars called the Punic Wars

Punic Wars Carthage under Hannibal invaded Rome from the Alps and attacked Rome for a decade Carthage under Hannibal invaded Rome from the Alps and attacked Rome for a decade He won his greatest victory at Cannae He won his greatest victory at Cannae

Punic Wars Rome under Scipio decided to attack Carthage, while Hannibal was in Italy. Rome under Scipio decided to attack Carthage, while Hannibal was in Italy. Hannibal raced back to Carthage and lost at Zuma. Hannibal raced back to Carthage and lost at Zuma. Carthage was later destroyed by Rome. Carthage was later destroyed by Rome. It was burned down It was burned down citizens were sold into slavery citizens were sold into slavery Rome then salted the earth, so nothing could grow Rome then salted the earth, so nothing could grow

Rome As Rome expanded, many problems started to happening As Rome expanded, many problems started to happening The gap between rich and poor was widening The gap between rich and poor was widening Many poor farmers lost their land and became homeless and wandered the countryside Many poor farmers lost their land and became homeless and wandered the countryside The rich were becoming corrupted and the slaves were developing resentment The rich were becoming corrupted and the slaves were developing resentment

Rome Rich landowners created large estates called latifundias Rich landowners created large estates called latifundias

Rome 2 brothers tried to help Rome’s poor by limiting the size of latifundias and giving land to the poor 2 brothers tried to help Rome’s poor by limiting the size of latifundias and giving land to the poor Tiberius Gracchus Tiberius Gracchus Gaius Gracchus Gaius Gracchus

Rome Generals began to recruit the homeless for soldiers= civil war Generals began to recruit the homeless for soldiers= civil war To stop the war a triumvirate (group of 3 rulers) was formed To stop the war a triumvirate (group of 3 rulers) was formed

Rome The 1 st triumvirate were The 1 st triumvirate were Julius Caesar Julius Caesar General Pompey General Pompey Wealthy Crassus Wealthy Crassus

Rome Caesar then went to Gaul Caesar then went to Gaul He conquered it and became more popular He conquered it and became more popular Pompey grew scared and told Caesar to disband his legions Pompey grew scared and told Caesar to disband his legions Caesar crossed the Rubicon and won against Pompey Caesar crossed the Rubicon and won against Pompey

Rome Caesar became a dictator for life or an absolute ruler (ruler who had total power) Caesar became a dictator for life or an absolute ruler (ruler who had total power) Some Romans became jealous Some Romans became jealous

Rome Marcus Brutus and others stabbed Caesar 23 times in the Senate chamber Marcus Brutus and others stabbed Caesar 23 times in the Senate chamber Last words “Et tu, Brute?” Last words “Et tu, Brute?”

Rome After Caesar’s death, a civil war started between the killers and the supporters of Caesar After Caesar’s death, a civil war started between the killers and the supporters of Caesar A 2nd triumvirate was formed to stop the killers from gaining power A 2nd triumvirate was formed to stop the killers from gaining power

Rome The 2 nd triumvirate was The 2 nd triumvirate was Octavian (Caesar’s nephew) Octavian (Caesar’s nephew) Mark Antony (Caesar’s general) Mark Antony (Caesar’s general) Lepidus (powerful politician) Lepidus (powerful politician)

Rome Octavian and Antony fought for Rome Octavian and Antony fought for Rome Antony joined with Cleopatra and lost to Octavian at Actium Antony joined with Cleopatra and lost to Octavian at Actium Antony and Cleopatra committed suicide Antony and Cleopatra committed suicide

Rome Octavian started the Roman Empire with him as the 1 st emperor Octavian started the Roman Empire with him as the 1 st emperor He even changed his name to Augustus He even changed his name to Augustus

Rome Augustus took over and started the Pax Romana or peace of Rome that lasted for 200 years Augustus took over and started the Pax Romana or peace of Rome that lasted for 200 years He opened up the Silk Road (the road that connected that brought silk from China for Roman goods) He opened up the Silk Road (the road that connected that brought silk from China for Roman goods) He also reformed the calendar by adding 2 months. This is called the Julian Calendar He also reformed the calendar by adding 2 months. This is called the Julian Calendar

Rome Social Values of Rome: discipline, self-sacrifice, loyalty to family, and thrift Values of Rome: discipline, self-sacrifice, loyalty to family, and thrift Roman families were lead by the oldest male called the paterfamilias Roman families were lead by the oldest male called the paterfamilias

Rome Women Rome women had more freedoms than Greek women. Rome women had more freedoms than Greek women. They could work, own property, and testify in court They could work, own property, and testify in court They still could not vote They still could not vote

Rome Most people were still poor, so to gain support from these people, Romans used Bread and Circuses Most people were still poor, so to gain support from these people, Romans used Bread and Circuses

Rome Religion Jesus was born during this time and stressed that people should love God, their neighbors, and their enemies. Jesus was born during this time and stressed that people should love God, their neighbors, and their enemies. Some Jews thought he was the Messiah or savior chosen by God Some Jews thought he was the Messiah or savior chosen by God

Rome The main source of Jesus’ life is in the first four books of the New Testament called the Gospels The main source of Jesus’ life is in the first four books of the New Testament called the Gospels Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John The Gospels are in the Christian Holy Book called the Bible The Gospels are in the Christian Holy Book called the Bible

Rome The disciples of Jesus were called Apostles The disciples of Jesus were called Apostles After Jesus’ Death they spread the word of the new religion, Christianity. After Jesus’ Death they spread the word of the new religion, Christianity. The head disciple was Peter who was known as the “Rock” and founded the Church in Rome The head disciple was Peter who was known as the “Rock” and founded the Church in Rome

Rome A former enemy turned disciple was Paul, who created churches for non-Jews. A former enemy turned disciple was Paul, who created churches for non-Jews.

Rome Christians were persecuted by Rome in the beginning (fed to the lions at the Colosseum) Christians were persecuted by Rome in the beginning (fed to the lions at the Colosseum) Martyrs are people who die for their beliefs Martyrs are people who die for their beliefs So, Christians got organized So, Christians got organized Bishops were put in charge of many churches Bishops were put in charge of many churches The Pope in Rome became in charge of all the Bishops The Pope in Rome became in charge of all the Bishops

Rome Constantine took over the Roman Empire and converted to Christianity. Constantine took over the Roman Empire and converted to Christianity. This stopped the persecution and started the spread of the religion throughout the empire. This stopped the persecution and started the spread of the religion throughout the empire. He also issued the Edict of Milan which gave freedom of religion He also issued the Edict of Milan which gave freedom of religion

Rome As Christianity grew, church leaders called anything not Christian heresy As Christianity grew, church leaders called anything not Christian heresy One of the fathers of the Christian Religion was Augustine who wrote The City of God and Confessions One of the fathers of the Christian Religion was Augustine who wrote The City of God and Confessions

Rome Falls The German rulers took the Latin language, Roman laws, and the Christian Church The German rulers took the Latin language, Roman laws, and the Christian Church