Chapter 6

France: no colonization before the 1600’s Lots of internal problems (religious civil war) until Samuel de Champlain founded Quebec First settlement in New France 1682 Robert de La Salle explored the Mississippi— Louisiana 1718 New Orleans founded 2 parts, Canada and Louisiana Canada: Quebec, Montreal, Louisbourg (all of modern-day Canada plus the Great Lakes region of the US) Louisiana: New Orleans (all of modern-day central and a lot of the western US)

Canada: trade with Indians (Beaver) Louisiana: trade with Indians and grow wheat for the French Caribbean Friendly relations with Native Americans Jesuits—tried to convert the Native Americans to Catholicism (didn’t force them to) Indians incorporated into French society (somewhat) generally not as exploited as in Spanish possessions Sparsely populated: only 60,000 French settlers in mid 1700’s Autocratic: no representative government, no trial by jury, no religious toleration

4 colonial wars fought during this time All pitted France (and Indian allies [Huron]) and sometimes the Spanish vs the British (and Indian allies [Iroquois]) King William’s War Queen Anne’s War King George’s War French and Indian War

Colonists and Indians vs colonists and Indians Very little/no involvement from Europe Sideshow of larger European conflicts British gained possession of the Hudson Bay, Nova Scotia, and Newfoundland from the French Treaty of Utrecht 1713

First conflict to have significant European involvement in North America (money, soldiers) Colonists captured the French fortress-city of Louisbourg, but it was returned to France following the peace treaty (exchanged for British losses in India) Effects on the colonists??? Effects on sense of American identity???

First time a war started in North America and spread to Europe Involved large amounts of European resources (money, soldiers) Fought over control of the Ohio River Valley (modern pay western PA, West Virginia, Ohio, Indiana, Michigan) Began when George Washington encountered French soldiers near Fort Duquesne (modern-day Pittsburgh) British and Iroquois vs French (and Spanish) and Huron

Albany Conference and the Albany Plan: of the 13 colonies met in Albany to convince the Iroquois to join the war Agreed to one commander of colonial forces (British General) Benjamin Franklin proposed a plan (Albany Plan) to unite the colonies together under British rule (early version of the United States but still British)—never adopted First step of the colonies working together Braddock’s Defeat: 1755 Damaged the reputation of the British military in the colonies Gave rise to the belief that colonies could survive/win without the Britsh

Went badly for the British/Americans at first Braddock’s Defeat 1755 French/Indian attacks on the frontier settlements British/Americans defeated in upstate New York 1757 New British Prime Minister (William Pitt) new strategy Pay the Americans to fight (cheaper than sending all the soldiers over from Britain) Don’t attack the French everywhere, just attack them in Canada British successful war ends in 1763: British/Americans Win

Ended the war Effects: French gave all of Canada and Eastern half of Louisiana to the British Spanish gave Florida to the British To repay the Spanish for the loss of Florida the French gave the western half of Louisiana to the Spanish No more French in North America

Wars cost money, Britain had a large amount of debt How do governments pay off their debts? Indians no longer could play the French and British against each other—didn’t like this situation Pontiac’s Rebellion 1763 Indian rebellion defeated by British but British stationed soldiers to protect against further Indian attacks—cost money British prohibited European settlement west of the Appalachian mountains—Proclamation of 1763