The Spanish-American War Cuba -controlled by Spanish -U.S.-Spanish relations worsen -revolution of Valeriano Weyler - governor -”reconcentration” (1896) -unprecedented death totals -William Randolph Hearst -Journal -Joseph Pulitzer -World -Yellow Journalism

U.S. insists Spain end conflict Enrique Dupuy de Lome letter, Feb. 9 –Hearst - "The Worst Insult to the United States in Its History " Maine sunk, Feb. 15

266 die 10,000 lbs. of powder charge ignite Big question – What caused the blast(s)? Divers and Eyewitnesses confirm that an explosion of magazines caused sinking – but what caused them to explode? –4 major investigations, 2 theories 1898 – mine mine bunker split

American people call for war Spain tries to prevent war Hawks in Congress pass resolution –April 25 – U.S. declares war on Spain

U.S. – no intention of seizing territory War is short days –More complicated than it appeared –Volunteers – but… Theodore Roosevelt –Rough Riders –High casualty rate August 12 – Armistice reached –Spain relinquished sovereignty over Cuba –Puerto Rico and Guam ceded to US –Spain assumed responsibility for $400 million Cuban debt –Spain ceded Philippines to the U.S. for $20 million

Deaths/Casualties –5,462 die –379 battle/battle related War in Philippines –Not as well publicized –Longer, more difficult Domestic tension –Debate in U.S. over occupation of Philippines –Anti-Imperialist League pushes Congress not to ratify treaty –Feb 6, 1899 – ratified –McKinley wants to keep Philippines as colonial possession

–Filipinos outraged –Twain publishes “To the Person Sitting in Darkness” »National controversy –Emilio Aguinaldo leads revolutionaries Captured - March 23, 1901 –War officially ends – July 4, 1902 –Independence – 1946 –Aguinaldo lives to 94 – sees Philippine date of independence moved officially back to 1898 –Casualties 4,100 American troops die 1,020 in combat 20,000 Filipino troops die 500,000-1,000,000 civilians die