The Ancient Egyptians (about 2000 B.C.) had a simple way of counting and recording numbers. It was based very much like the decimal system the world uses today. It is similar because it uses 10 as the important number. With decimal notation 10 units make 1 ten; 10 tens make 1 hundred; 10 hundreds make 1 thousand etc. With Egyptian Glyphs 1 is represented by I; 10 is represented by ח; 100 is represented by ף For example, the number 253 would be represented by I I I חחחחח ףף Resource Author: Ms Sam Stacey, Cherry Orchard Primary School, Birmingham

1) What numbers would be represented by: a)IIII b)II חחחחח c)III חחחח ףףף d)IIIIII ףףףףף e)חחחףףף 2) How would you write these numbers using Glyphs: a)32 b)134 c)261 d)204 e)520 Answers on the next slide

ANSWERS: Question1 a) 4 b) 52 c) 343 d) 506 e) 330 Question2 a)II חחח b)IIII חחח ף c)I חחחחחח ףף d)IIII ףף e)חח ףףףףף

ADDITION USING GLYPHS Addition with Glyphs is relatively straightforward. II חחח add III חחחחsimply becomes IIIII חחחחחחח In Decimal Form: = 75 I חח ףףףף add II חחח ף simply becomes III חחחחח ףףףףף In Decimal Form: = 553 If you have 10 of 1 character you simply replace it with 1 of the next highest character. IIIIIII ףף add IIIII ח ףף becomes IIIIIIIIIIII ח ףףףף But IIIIIIIIIIII becomes II ח, So IIIIIIIIIIII ח ףףףף becomes II חח ףףףף In Decimal Form: = 422

Questions on ADDITION USING GLYPHS. For each of the following make your calculations using Glyphs then change your final answer to decimal form. a)IIIII חחח add II חח b)II חחח ף add I חחחח ףף c)IIIIIII חחח add IIIII חח ף d)III חחחחחח ף add II חחחח ף e)IIIIII חחח ףף add IIIIII חחחחחחחח f)IIIII חחחחחח add IIIII חחח Answers on the next slide

Answers to Addition with Glyphs. a)57 b)373 c)162 d)305 e)322 f)100

SUBTRACTION USING GLYPHS Subtraction with Glyphs is relatively straightforward too. IIIII חחחח subtract II ח IIIII חחחח subtract II חleaves III חחח Decimal Form: = 33 If there are not enough of a certain character to remove, then replace 1 of the next highest character with 10 of the smaller character. III חחח subtract IIIII ח There are not enough “I”s on the left hand side to take away so one “ ח " is replaced with 10 “I”s. IIIIIIIIIIIII חח subtract IIIII ח IIIIIIIIIIIII חח subtract IIIII ח leaves IIIIIIII ח Decimal Form: = 18

Questions on SUBTRACTION USING GLYPHS. For each of the following make your calculations using Glyphs then change your final answer to decimal form. a)IIII חחחחח subtract III חח b) IIIII חחח ףף subtract II חח ף c) IIIII ףףףףף subtract IIIII ףף d) III חח ףףףף subtract II חח e) I חחחחח subtract IIIII חח f) III חחח ףף subtract IIIIII חח ף g)חחחח ףףף subtract חחחחחחח ף h) I ח ף subtract IIII ח i)ף subtract IIII Answers on the next slide

Answers to Subtraction with Glyphs. a)31 b)113 c)300 d)401 e)26 f)107 g)170 h)97 i)96

MULTIPLICATION USING GLYPHS Multiplication with Glyphs is more complicated than addition or subtraction but the method can be used to make multiplication with decimals easier.