Greece

Greek City-States Independent & different city-states

Greek City-States Greek city-states had different ways of governing –Sparta & Athens are great examples of different ways to rule: –Athens— Democracy –Sparta— Oligarchy

Democracy Pericles strengthens democracy by… –Increase # of paid public officials. Now even the poorest citizen could serve if elected. –Athens had more citizens engage in self-government than any other city- state in Greece. –Male citizens who served in the assembly est. all the important government policies.

Athens Athens is considered one of the most important cities in Ancient Greece Contributions: created democracy, established modern foundations in art, literature, philosophy

Sparta helots Strong farming economy made up of large class of slaves (helots) Became powerful city-state because of: –Strong Military –Strong Military—every man was forced to join army –Totalitarian Oligarchy –Totalitarian Oligarchy—power in hands of 28 military leaders Unlike Athens; Spartans hated wealth & the arts

Greeks had cool architecture & developed theater with comedies & tragedies

Euclid’s Geometry Greek Sculpture

Rome

Geography of Rome Italian peninsula is located in the center of the Mediterranean Sea; Rome is located in center of Italy on Tiber River— excellent spot for trade within Italy and within Mediterranean Sea

Patricians & Plebeians Patricians Patricians—nobles controlled most of valuable land, held key military & religious positions, advised the king; made up only 5% of the population Plebeians Plebeians—mostly peasants, laborers, shopkeepers; made up 95% of population; had little say in government, but paid majority of the taxes & were required to serve in Roman army

Timeline of the Roman Monarchy, Republic, and Empire Pax Romana Pax Romana

Main Idea As Rome enlarged its territory, its republican form of government grew increasingly unstable. Eventually, the Roman Republic gave way to the formation of a mighty dictator-ruled empire that continued to spread Rome’s influence far and wide.

Julius Caesar Patrician who used politics & charm to gain position as governor of Spanish province; gained wealth, influence, & power

First Triumvirate Julius Caesar Pompey Crassus First Triumvirate In 60 B.C. Julius Caesar joined forces with Pompey (military general) & Crassus (rich patrician who helped get Caesar started) to form the First Triumvirate With help of the Triumvirate, Caesar was elected Consul; for 10 years this Triumvirate controlled the Senate

Civil War #1: Caesar vs. Pompey Caesar refused to disband his army & instead returned to occupy Rome; defeated & assassinated his former ally Pompey Caesar won the support of the people; In 44 B.C. named 10-year dictator: –Granted citizenship to more people, created more jobs, founded 20 more colonies (gave poor people a place to live), created a 365-day calendar

Julius Caesar Caesar ruled Rome as absolute dictator; many Senators thought he would name himself king In 44 B.C. Caesar was murdered by Senators (Brutus, Cassius, & others); thought they were saving the Republic

Pax Romana Pax Romana Beginning with Augustus, Rome entered a period of peace & prosperity for 207 years (27 B.C.-180 A.D.) known as the Pax Romana highways aqueducts concrete merit Augustus encouraged trade by ending taxes on goods, created highways & aqueducts (for moving water), used concrete to make new architectural buildings, allowed anyone to get job in government if had ability (merit)

#18

English History

Organization of Parliament

Limitations on Monarchy Magna Carta (1215) Magna Carta (1215) Petition of Right (1628) Petition of Right (1628) Habeas Corpus (1679) Habeas Corpus (1679) English Bill of Rights (1689) English Bill of Rights (1689) Cabinet (1702) & Prime Minister (1727) Cabinet (1702) & Prime Minister (1727)

Renaissance

New Artistic Styles Realism & emotion Classicism: inspiration from Greece & Rome Emphasis on individuals & interaction between people Geometric arrangements Perspective Using light & shadows Chiaroscuro Sfumato The first nude paintings & sculptures since the Romans GreekRenaissance

The Sistine Chapel

Leonardo A true “Renaissance Man” Leonardo was an inventor, painter, sculptor, & scientist His “Last Supper” shows Jesus’ last meeting with the 12 apostles before the crucifixion; the facial expressions, detail, emotion made it a masterpiece His “Mona Lisa” is great for its emotion and depth

Filippo Brunelleschi Florence’s greatest architect was commissioned to build the Cuppolo of St. Maria del Fiore cathedral: –Brunelleschi studied the Roman Pantheon –The dome inspired modern building designs

Dome Comparisons Il Duomo, Florence St. Peter’s, Rome St. Paul’s, London US Capital, Washington, D.C.

Renaissance in England Renaissance in England focused on social issues Thomas More criticized society through Utopia William Shakespeare wrote plays based on ideas from classics & universal human qualities