Table 12.1 Socializing Agents Description The familyEither directly or indirectly, family life influences every aspect of a child’s development. It is the most significant socializing agent for the majority of students through their elementary school years. Peer groupBy adolescence, many young people question the values and attitudes of family members while embracing the habits, language, and rituals of their peers. TelevisionBecause of the high number of hours spent viewing television, this media has a significant impact on attitudes toward violence, sex roles, consumerism, and sexuality. ReligionNearly 80% of all families report that religion has a significant influence on their lives. SchoolsSchools prepare students for the workforce, assist them to become effective citizens, and help them reach their full potential as individuals. T-120 Copyright ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Henniger The Teaching Experience: An Introduction to Reflective Practice

Table 12.2 Provisions of the No Child Left Behind Act ProvisionDescription Accountability for results Each state must use assessments to measure what students know and learn in grades 3 through 8. Reduce federal, state, and local “red tape” To allow states and local school districts to have greater flexibility in the use of federal money, the “red tape” will be reduced. Options for parents whose children are located in failing schools Public school choice, supplemental services, and charter schools will be made available for children and families whose schools are failing. Ensuring that every child can read The federal government has tripled its funding of reading instruction to help ensure that all children learn to read. Strengthen teacher quality States are being asked to put a highly qualified teacher in every public school classroom in Promoting English proficiency The act consolidates federal agencies assisting limited English-proficient (LEP) students to learn English quickly and effectively. Source: No Child Left Behind Act, (2002). Retrieved September 26, 2002, from T-121 Copyright ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Henniger The Teaching Experience: An Introduction to Reflective Practice

Table 12.3 Social Issues Affecting Students Social IssuesDescription The changing family Growing numbers of single-parent, dual-career, blended, homeless, and gay and lesbian families are influencing the lives of students. PovertyApproximately one family in five lives in poverty, which has a significant negative impact on schooling. Teen pregnancyAmerica continues to lead all industrialized nations in the number of teen pregnancies. AIDSAIDS is a significant health issue that influences the lives of families and schools. Child abuse and neglect Students who are abused or neglected experience deep emotional trauma that influences their school performance. Alcohol and drugs Young people may experiment with alcohol and drugs as early as the elementary school years, with many potential social and school-related problems resulting. SuicideSuicide is the second leading cause of death among young people between the ages of 15 and 19. ViolenceViolence among students and directed toward teachers is a growing concern to educators and others. School dropoutsAlthough school dropout rates have decreased, those who do drop out are even less likely than before to find productive work. T-122 Copyright ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Henniger The Teaching Experience: An Introduction to Reflective Practice

Table 12.4 Two-Parent Families Family TypePercentage African American38 Hispanic65 White78 All Families69 Source: America’s Children: Key National Indicators of Well-Being, by Forum on Child and Family Statistics, 2002, Vienna, VA: National Maternal Child Health Clearinghouse. T-123 Copyright ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Henniger The Teaching Experience: An Introduction to Reflective Practice

Table 12.5 Family Income Levels* Source: America’s Children: Key National Indicators of Well-Being, by Forum on Child and Family Statistics, 2002, Vienna, VA: National Maternal Child Health Clearinghouse. Income CategoryIncomePercentage Extreme povertyLess than $8,8007 Poverty$8,800–17,6008 Low income$17,600–35,20021 Medium income$35,200–70,40034 High incomeAbove $70,40030 *Family of four, in 2000 T-124 Copyright ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Henniger The Teaching Experience: An Introduction to Reflective Practice

Table 12.6 Incidence of Child Abuse and Neglect* Source: National Child Abuse and Neglect Data System (NCANDS) Summary of Key Findings from Calendar Year 2000, by Administration on Children, Youth and Families. Retrieved April 16, * In 2000, 879,000 children were found to be victims of child abuse and neglect. CategoryPercent of Total Neglect63 Physical abuse19 Sexual abuse10 Psychological abuse8 T-125 Copyright ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Henniger The Teaching Experience: An Introduction to Reflective Practice

Table 12.7 Percentage of School Dropouts, Source: Fast Facts, by National Center for Education Statistics, Retrieved October 9, 2002, from YearTotalWhiteBlackHispanic T-126 Copyright ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Henniger The Teaching Experience: An Introduction to Reflective Practice

Table 12.8 Your Responses to Social Issues ResponseDescription Take time for relationship building Building trust and rapport with students and their families is a key to assisting them. Accommodate family differences You will need to be aware of, and responsive to, differences in family circumstances. Know the warning signsKnowing the warning signs for child abuse and neglect, alcohol and drug abuse, and suicide will allow you to refer students for the help they will need. Understand your legal and school-mandated responsibilities Knowing your legal and school-mandated responsibilities will help you know how and when to respond to student and family needs. Be aware of resourcesAn awareness of school, community, state, and national resources will allow you to direct students and families to the help they need. Identify your personal limits You will need to decide how personally involved you can be in the issues students and families face. T-127 Copyright ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Henniger The Teaching Experience: An Introduction to Reflective Practice

Table 12.9 The School’s Response to Social Issues ResponseDescription Student and family support Free and reduced-cost breakfasts and lunches, vocational counseling, before and after school care, interpreters, community services coordinators, and medical and dental services are all being offered in school settings. Educational awareness programs Schools are taking greater responsibility for educating students about the dangers associated with such things as violence, early sexual activity, and drug use. Implementing rules and procedures Schools are identifying rules and procedures for students and staff in response to violence and drug use. CounselingGuidance counselors, a tradition at middle schools and high schools, are now more often available for elementary schools as well. Alternative educationFor students who are unable to work within the traditional school system, alternate educational opportunities are being provided. T-128 Copyright ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Henniger The Teaching Experience: An Introduction to Reflective Practice

Table Society’s Influence on Schooling InfluenceDescription Determining purposes Society identified the three main purposes of education as preparing students for the workforce, creating effective citizens, and facilitating personal growth. Establishing values Society is the driving force behind the values placed on different aspects of the curriculum (art, music, educating the gifted, etc.), the value placed on diversity, and the perceived importance of equal educational opportunity. T-129 Copyright ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Henniger The Teaching Experience: An Introduction to Reflective Practice