© Pearson Education Limited 2015HM-1 Chapter HM A Brief History of Management’s Roots

Early Management HM-2 Management has been practiced for thousands of years. Organized projects were directed by people responsible for planning, organizing, leading, and controlling. © Pearson Education Limited 2015

Classical Approaches: Scientific Management © Pearson Education Limited 2015HM-3 Frederick W. Taylor described scientific management as a method of scientifically finding the “one best way to do a job.”

Classical Approaches: General Administrative Theory © Pearson Education Limited 2015HM-4 Focused on what constituted good management. Henri Fayol identified five management functions and 14 management principles. Max Weber described the bureaucracy as an ideal rational form of organization.

Fayol’s Fourteen Principles of Management 1. Division of work 2. Authority 3. Discipline 4. Unity of command 5. Unity of direction 6.Subordination of individual interests to the general interest 7.Remuneration 8. Centralization 9. Scalar chain 10. Order 11. Equity 12. Stability of tenure personnel 13. Initiative 14. Esprit de corps © Pearson Education Limited 2015HM-5

Behavioral Approach Early management writers included: Robert Owen, who was concerned about deplorable working conditions. Hugo Munsterberg, a pioneer in the field of industrial psychology. Mary Parker Follett, who recognized that organizations could be viewed from both individual and group behavior perspectives. © Pearson Education Limited 2015HM-6

The Hawthorne Studies © Pearson Education Limited 2015HM-7 Studies conducted at the Hawthorne Works of the Western Electric Company: Provided new insights into individual and group behavior at work. Concluded that group pressures can significantly impact individual productivity.

Behavioral Approaches 1930s - Today Human Relations Movement Organizational Behavior (OB) © Pearson Education Limited 2015HM-8

The Quantitative Approach Used quantitative techniques to improve decision making. Evolved from mathematical and statistical solutions developed for military problems during World War II. W. Edwards Deming and Joseph M. Duran’s ideas became the basis for total quality management (TQM). © Pearson Education Limited 2015HM-9

Contemporary Approaches: Systems Approach © Pearson Education Limited 2015HM-10

Contemporary Approaches: Contingency Approach © Pearson Education Limited 2015HM-11

HM-12© Pearson Education Limited 2015