Classification of Proteases

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Presentation transcript:

Classification of Proteases  Family Example  Mechanism Specificity Inhibitor E72 H69 Zn 2+ H196 Metal Protease Carboxy- peptidase A Chymotrypsin Trypsin Papain Pepsin Renin Non- specific Aromatic Basic polar EDTA EGTA DFP TLCK TPCK PCMB Leupeptin Pepstatin H57 D102 S195-O- Serine Protease C25-S- H195 Cysteine Protease 凡是 可以水解胜肽鍵的酵素,均統稱為蛋白脢。蛋白脢的種類非常多,我們大致歸納為四大類,均依其催化特性來命名。例如 metal protease 是因為分子中含一金屬離子,此金屬離子不但可維持酵素的正確分子構形,也可以參與催化反應;Ser 及 Cys protease 是因為催化區上含有一個 Ser 或 Cys 胺基酸為主要的催化機團;而 Asp protease 也是因為分子上需要有兩個 Asp 基團,以便抓住水解所需的水分子。 每一類蛋白脢家族內,其成員的催化機制都相同,但催化目標的專一性不同;例如 Ser 家族內的 trypsin 嗜好水解鹼性胺基酸,而 chymotrypsin 喜歡較大的芳香基團。 以下將把重點放在 Ser 蛋白脢的催化區,看其催化鐵三角如何作用,以及此家族在分子演化上的奇特表現。最有趣的是,這種有效的催化鐵三角,居然也會被其它酵素盜用 (或是純屬雷同?)。 D215 D32 H2O Aspartyl Protease Juang RH (2004) BCbasics

Modification of Subtilisin and Its Activity Change Active Site Relative Modification Triad: Ser His Asp activity No enzyme 1 Subtilisin ● ● ● 10,000,000,000 Ser, His & Asp → Ala ○ ○ ○ 4,000 His & Asp → Ala ● ○ ○ 37,000 Ser → Ala ○ ● ● 5,000 Asp → Ala ● ● ○ 330,000 Asn155 → Leu ● ● ● 10,000,000 (Asn155 stabilizes transition state) 為了 研究 Ser protease 的催化區,有人把 subtilisin 催化鐵三角上面的胺基酸修改,再看影響修飾後的蛋白脢活性大小。結果發現 Ser195 是絕對不可以改變的重要胺基酸,His57 及 Asp102 次之。同時,若把可以穩定過渡狀態分子的 Asn155 改成不具電荷的 Leu,活性也會下降一千倍。因此,這三個重要胺基酸是不能任意改變,所有 Ser protease 家族成員,都有這三個胺基酸在固定的位置。 Adapted from Dressler & Potter (1991) Discovering Enzymes, p.245

Serine Protease and AchE Chymotrypsin – Gly – Asp – Ser – Gly – Gly – Pro – Leu – Trypsin – Gly – Asp – Ser – Gly – Gly – Pro – Val – Elastase – Gly – Asp – Ser – Gly – Gly – Pro – Leu – Thrombin – Gly – Asp – Ser – Gly – Gly – Pro – Phe – Plasmin – Gly – Asp – Ser – Gly – Gly – Pro – Leu – Acetylcholinesterase – Gly – Glu – Ser – Ala – Gly – Gly – Ala – Ser 195 Chymotrypsin – Val – Thr – Ala – Ala – His – Cys – Gly – Trypsin – Val – Ser – Ala – Gly – His – Cys – Tyr – Elastase – Leu – Thr – Ala – Ala – His – Cys – Ile – Thrombin – Leu – Thr – Ala – Ala – His – Cys – Leu – Plasmin – Leu – Thr – Ala – Ala – His – Cys – Leu – Acetylcholinesterase – – – – – – – – – – – – – His – – – – – – – – His 57 Chymotrypsin – Thr – Ile – Asn – Asn – Asp – Ile – Thr – Trypsin – Tyr – Leu – Asn – Asn – Asp – Ile – Met – Elastase – Ser – Lys – Gly – Asn – Asp – Ile – Ala – Thrombin – Asn – Leu – Asp – Arg – Asp – Ile – Ala – Plasmin – Phe – Thr – Arg – Lys – Asp – Ile – Ala – Acetylcholinesterase – – – – – – – – – – – – – – Asp – – – – – – – 把 Ser 家族幾個成員拿出來比較,看催化鐵三角附近胺基酸序列的差異性如何。最重要的 Ser 附近的胺基酸保守性非常高,其它地方也都是半保守性地取代 (即極性取代極性、非極性取代非極性)。 成員中有一個 acetylcholinesterase (AchE) 似乎是認養來的,AchE 也有催化鐵三角,但是整體的胺基酸序列並不太像 (因此上圖無法列出比較的序列),好像沒有『血緣』關係。的確如此,AchE 原來並非 Ser 家族的嫡系成員,只是趨同演化出具有與鐵三角類似的催化機制。 Asp 102 Adapted from Dressler & Potter (1991) Discovering Enzymes, p.244

AchE Has Similar Catalytic Mechanism O CH3 CH3–C–O–CH2–CH2–N–CH3 CH3 + AchE O - C H O CH3–C CH3 O–CH2–CH2–N–CH3 H CH3 + O - C H H AchE H2O Acylation↑ CH3 HO–CH2–CH2–N–CH3 + O CH3–C–OH AchE O C H CH3–C ↓Deacylation H-O-H AchE O - C H Acetylcholinesterase 的催化機制與胜肽鍵水解極相似,活性區有高反應性的 Ser 以及 His 和 Asp 的質子接力,也分成 acylation 及 deacylation 兩個階段。 Adapted from Dressler & Potter (1991) Discovering Enzymes, p.243

Different Enzymes Might Adopt Same Mechanism ← Useful ↙ Amusing Hi, Everybody! Sesame Triad 看來 它們是各自發展出類似的催化機制,一個有用的組合不但會被重複使用,還會有趨同演化的情形,天底下大家想的真是都差不多。 Juang RH (2004) BCbasics

Acetylcholinesterase Convergent and Divergent Evolution Molecular Thyroglobulin C O Acetylcholinesterase hydrolyze acetylcholine Ester bond Divergent evolution Asp--His--Ser Convergent evolution Peptide bond Serine Protease C N H O Acetylcholinesterase (AchE) 是與 Ser protease 家族完全無關的一個酵素,它獨立演化出類似 Ser 催化鐵三角的 Asp-His-Ser 活性區,其作用模式也與 Ser protease 類似,但催化的是水解 acetylcholin 的 ester bond 而非 peptide bond;事實上,這兩種鍵結的水解方式,也極為相像。這種由不相關的前驅物開始,卻發展出相同的催化機制,稱為 趨同演化;而 Ser protease 家族則是由一個相同的始祖開始,趨異演化 成各個不同的家族成員。 因此,演化現象不但在鉅觀的生物圈發生,同時也在分子層次的微觀世界上演。 Chymotrypsin Trypsin Elastase Thrombin Plasmin Juang RH (2004) BCbasics