Alternative Propulsion Technologies: What’s on the Horizon? Christie-Joy Brodrick, Ph.D Institute of Transportation Studies University of California-Davis The Transportation/Land Use/Environment Connection October 25, 2004

2 Presentation Outline –Diesel engines –Driving forces –Multiple solutions for a diverse industry –Alternative fuels and technologies –Advanced diesel technologies –Gasoline technologies –Non-propulsion advances Photo: American Trucking Associations

3 Freight Movement Today = Diesel, Diesel, and More Diesel –94% of goods are shipped using diesel power –89% of commercial trucks are diesel powered –Long-haul trucks are exclusively diesel powered –Railroad’s 20,000 locomotives are nearly all diesel powered –Ocean-going containerships are diesel powered –Gasoline is used by smaller, local trucks –There are a handful of alternative fuels/ technologies: CNG, LNG, biodiesel, hybrids Photo: Caterpillar

4 Forces for Change Emissions regulations* new engine standards fuel standards idling bans CA TRU rules SCAQMD diesel rules Fuel price increases American Trucking Associations Cummins

5 All Trucks Are Not Created Equal 115 different certified engine families (with as many as 7 models per family) >135 different transmissions now in use Eight weight classes Diverse payloads, driving cycles, & VMT

6 Alternative Fuels and Technologies American Trucking Associations

7 Hybrid PUDs Photos: UPS & Eaton HCCI? UPS hydraulic hybrid FedEx Express hybrid

8 J. Paul Fayolle, Volvo Powertrain, DEER 2003 ‘07 Technology Requirements

9 Diesel Engine Technologies ‘04 –Cooled EGR and in-cylinder –ACERT ‘07 –Cooled high EGR with DPF –ACERT with DPF –Low sulfur fuel regs ‘10 –ACERT with catalyzed DPF? –SCR + catalyzed DPF –LNT + catalyzed DPF Photo: American Trucking Associations

10 ‘07 Technology Comparison Prof. Michael Schittler, DaimlerChrysler, DEER 2003

11 Impacts –Costs and more costs –Maintenance –OBD –Driver reactions –Mechanic reactions –Industry pre-buy –Move away from diesel? Photo: Thomson Education Direct

12 Fuel of the Future: Gasoline?!? Thomas W. Ryan III, SwRI, DEER 2003

13 Gasoline and CO 2 Tim Johnson, Corning, DEER 2004

14 Non-propulsion Changes –Idling alternatives (costs, alt fuels, fuel cells, routing changes) –TRU alternatives (costs, alt fuels?) –Telematics (profitability, efficiency, fuel economy, routing changes) –42 Volt systems (efficiency, fuel economy)