LEARNING. Learning is defined as a relatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experience Associative Learning: learning that two events.

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Presentation transcript:

LEARNING

Learning is defined as a relatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experience Associative Learning: learning that two events happen together (Example: A bell rings, it is time to eat) Operant conditioning: learning to associate a response (our behavior) in turn for positive/negative consequences (Example: Dog sits in order to receive a treat)

PAVLOV Ivan Pavlov ( ) did several experiments in which classical conditioning or the linking of two events take place.

SKINNER B.F. Skinner ( ) did experiments following the law of effect where rewarded behavior is likely to recur.

REINFORCEMENTS Positive reinforcement: increasing behaviors by the use of a positive stimuli such as food. It is any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response. Negative reinforcement: increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli, such as shock. It is something removed after a response therefore it is not punishment.

PUNISHMENT An event that decreases the behavior that it follows Positive punishment: Administers an aversive stimulus (Examples: spanking, a parking ticket) Negative punishments: Withdraws a desirable stimulus (Examples: time-out from privileges, revoking of a drivers license.

MOTIVATION Intrinsic vs. Extrinsic Intrinsic Motivation: a desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake Extrinsic Motivation: a desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment

OBSERVATIONAL LEARNING Learning by observing others Modeling: the process of observing and imitating a specific behavior Bandura’s Experiments: Albert Bandura is famous as being the pioneer researcher for observational learning

Bystander Effect: