Internal fertilization Increased chance of fertilization Increased chance of survival of gametes Male Reproductive System Scrotum Contains testis Regulates temperature of testis for optimal sperm development (95oF) Testis Produce sperm which mature in the… Epididymis Produce testosterone Semen Composed of sperm cells and nutrient rich fluid from Seminal vesicles Prostate gland Bulbourethral gland? Penis Transfers sperm through the urethra to the vagina

Female Reproductive System Ovaries Produce eggs (ovum) Produce hormones that regulate uterine lining Estrogen and Progesterone Fallopian tubes Transport egg to uterus Vagina Receptacle for sperm Uterus Holds developing embryo Cervix Ring of muscles at the entrance of the uterus

Menstral cycle (right) 1. Bring and egg to maturity 2. Prepare uterus for implantation 3. Controlled by hormones - Hormones secreted by the pituitary gland control ovarian activity FSH (follicle stimulating hormone) Starts an egg maturing in follicle LH (luteinizing hormone) Causes ovulation - Hormones secreted by ovaries control uterine lining Estrogen – initiates build up of uterine wall Progesterone – maintains lining until implantation Menstration – sloughing of the uterine lining when pregnancy does not occur

Embryonic Development 1st trimester = cell organization into vital organs egg + sperm = fertilization -> zygote 3 days = in uterus 5-8 days = implantation 50 – 60 cells -> blastocyst 8 weeks -> fetus 2nd trimester = organs and body features become more refined 3rd trimester = growth in body size

Mother / child bond Placenta structure made of uterine and extraembryonic tissues carries nutrients to and waste from embryo afterbirth

Major STD’s Bacterial (treatable) Syphilis Chancre – site of infection and indication of infection Untreated can cause serious damage to central nervous system and circulatory organs Gonorrhea Painful urination, puss discharge from penis or vagina Infertility, infections of eyes, and digestive tract Chlamydia Most common in U.S. Symptoms similar to gonorrhea Lead to infertility

Viral Hepatitis B Liver damage including cancer Vaccination available Genital Herpes Recurring blisters and sores on genitals Never completely destroyed HPV (papilloma) Causes genital warts, possibly cancers of cervix, vagina, vulva, penis No cure

HIV - Human immunodeficiency virus retrovirus - codes for an enzyme that transcribes viral RNA into the host's DNA. Targets the macrophages, T - cells, and to a lesser extent the B - cells and some brain cells. T-cells: - not as responsive to recognized antigens - decrease production of chemical messengers that direct other lymphocytes - causes cells to clump together and die B-cells: - produce fewer specific antibodies - lose responsiveness to ordinary signals macrophages: - will engulf the virus, but will not break it down for identification for antibody production - transports it secretly around the body, secreting HIV chemicals that are harmful to other cells.

Incubation Period Latency period may last for years and perhaps for life. - The virus may be passed on while it is latent. - Person may be most infectious several months just prior to symptom development. Once activated: -Transactivation gene adjusts production of new viruses (20 times faster than flu virus) -Rapid reproduction overpowers the body's defense system. HIV mutates quickly. ( times faster than the flu virus) ** to have a vaccine there must be one specific target ** HIV-specific antibodies apparently have no impact on HIV

HIV Disease, Stage Four: AIDS A – Acquired I – Immune D – Deficiency S - Syndrome Categories of illnesses that characterize AIDS 1. Wasting Syndrome A. rapid, unexplained weight loss of ten percent or more of body weight B. Persistent fever of 100 degrees or more for at least 30 days C. Chronic unexplained diarrhea * May be directly related to the HIV in that recent research suggests that HIV attacks lower intestinal cells. 2. AIDS Dementia - Caused by HIV secretions from the macrophages or direct attack of brain cells A. Memory loss, forgetfulness, and confusion B. Changes in gait or coordination, blurring of vision/hearing, slurring speech C. Mood swings and depressive states D. Delusions, numbness in limbs, paralysis, and degeneration of the spinal cord in late stages. * At least two-thirds of AIDS patients have some signs of this disorder before they die. 3. Secondary (opportunistic) Infections A. Not common or significant in persons with healthy immune systems B. Most common: Pneumocystic carinii pneumonia (PCP) 4. Rare cancers A. Not found in persons with healthy immune systems B. Kaposi's sarcoma : most common, but rarely the cause of death.

Treatment A. Anti-infectives - attempt to combat the secondary infections B. Anti-virals – “cocktail” - highly active antiretroviral therapy, or HAART. C. Immune modulators - Replenishing T-cells via bone marrow transplants, and white cell injections have had no success to date. Transmission methods (HIGH RISK BEHAVIORS) A. Sexual intercourse with an infected individual B. Sharing needles and syringes for intravenous drug use C. Receiving contaminated blood products D. HIV positive pregnant women to fetus or newborn Engaging in, or abstaining from these activities is a personal decision that determines if you are a person at risk.