Foundations of Modern Political, Social, and Economic Thought 19th Century Ideas Foundations of Modern Political, Social, and Economic Thought

Romanticism Artistic and intellectual movement of the late 18th and early 19th century. Reaction to strict focus on reason of the Enlightenment with a strong focus on emotion and intuition. Romanticism also strongly connected to ideas of nationalism, individualism, and the natural world.

Romanticism Literature Germany France Johann Wolfgang von Goethe Friedrich von Schiller Jakob and Wilhelm Grimm France Honore de Balzac Alexander Dumas Victor Hugo Victor Hugo

Romanticism Literature Britain William Wordsworth Samuel Taylor Coleridge Lord Byron Percy Bysshe Shelley John Keats William Blake Alfred Lord Tennyson Robert Browning Sir Walter Scott Lord Byron

Romanticism Painting Eugene Delacroix Francisco Goya J.M.W. Turner John Constable Camille Corot Goya

Eugene Delacroix- Liberty Leading the People

Goya - Third of May, 1808

Turner – Burning of the Houses of Parliament

Romanticism Architecture Exotic influences from Middle East and China Neoclassicism of 18th century remained popular Neo-Gothic style became popular.

Romanticism Music Ludwig von Beethoven Richard Wagner Giuseppe Verdi Led transition from classical to romantic Richard Wagner German nationalist operas Giuseppe Verdi Giacomo Puccini Franz Liszt Piano works based on Hungarian folk music Frederic Chopin Richard Wagner

Romanticism Philosophy Immanuel Kant G.W.F. Hegel Led revolt against extreme rationalism. Critique of Pure Reason (1781) Metaphysics – understanding of the supernatural. G.W.F. Hegel History represented God’s plan for the world. Based on dialectical conflict (thesis, antithesis, synthesis) Immanuel Kant

Conservatism Political ideology that developed in the late 18th century. Defended established social and political order of Europe as natural. Conservatism questioned the possibilities of radical change. British MP Edmund Burke was its most vocal advocate. Edmund Burke

Classical Liberalism Associated with ideas of social progress, economic development, and individualism that emerged in the Enlightenment. Closely associated with middle class values and concerns. Generally advocated political reforms, but also promoted an orderly society. In this way, it was often limited in scope and not concerned for the needs of the masses.

Political Liberalism Political liberalism was based on the ideas of John Locke, Voltaire and other philosophes of the 18th century . Political liberalism called for greater individual rights, religious freedom, freedom of the press, property rights, representative government (at least for the middle class, not “democracy”)

Economic Liberalism Based mostly on laissez-faire ideas of Adam Smith and other economists. Markets should be as free from government intervention as possible. Thomas Malthus An Essay on the Principle of Population (1798) Population growth would outstrip food. David Ricardo “Iron Law of Wages” labor based on supply and demand

Utilitarianism and Socialism As the 19th century progressed, more and more politicians, economists and philosophers began to see that conservatism and liberalism were not serving the needs of the developing industrial society. They began to theorize about alternative systems that would bring about a better society.

Utilitarianism Jeremy Bentham Argued that gov’t sometimes needed to intervene on behave of the oppressed. Every human practice should be valued in terms of its utility (happiness). Individual freedom with the benefits for the most (welfare state)

Utilitarianism John Stuart Mill Further evolution of liberal doctrine away from laissez-faire. Strong advocate of women’s rights. Supported formation of labor unions, progressive taxes, universal suffrage, and child labor restrictions.

Socialism Utopian Socialism Socialists of the early 19th century did not have a coherent ideology, but different ideas put forth. Common to most were the ideas of the abolition of private property (either owned by the state of by groups of workers. And the need to educate workers to cooperate as apposed to compete.

Socialism Robert Owen Textile entrepreneur who advocated socialist ideas. Put workers rights and wages into action at New Lanark, Scotland. Began socialist New Harmony community in Indiana in 1826. New Harmony failed and he returned to England

Socialism Count of Saint-Simon French socialist who believed that government should focus on improving economic conditions. Society should be directed by an educated elite, providing for the equal benefit of all.

Socialism Charles Fourier Advocated the establishment of socialist communities known as phalanxes (small workers communities) Each person would share in each other's work to avoid boredom.

Socialism Louis Blanc Published The Organization of Work (1840) calling for universal manhood suffrage and the creation of a workers party. The worker’s would eventually control the government and establish socialist workshops, pushing private industries out of business.

The Socialist Critique Utilitarian and especially socialist writers and thinkers began to criticize the assertions of liberal capitalist society, especially in dealing with the condition of workers. More and more of these ideas would filter into the mainstream political discourse. At the same time, conservatives were also critical, but from a more traditional and paternalistic perspective. As the century progressed, conservatism became more associated with the aristocracy, liberalism with the bourgeoisie, and socialism with the working class.

The Modern Political Continuum MORE FREEDOM Utilitarianism/ Progressivism Classical Liberalism Socialism Conservatism CENTER MORE EQUAL LESS EQUAL LEFT RIGHT EXTREME Communism Royalist Stalinism Fascism Totalitarianism LESS FREEDOM