Bacterial Classification- A. Need for a classification system B Bacterial Classification- A.Need for a classification system B. Practicality versus Taxonomy

Why is it important to be able to identify bacteria? What problems might you face in trying to identify bacteria? What strategies might you use to identify bacteria?

Medically Important Bacteria

Bacterial Taxonomy- Inherent Challenges 5 kingdoms versus 3 Domains

Fig. 1.14

Universal phylogenetic tree Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Bacteria Mitochondrion Planctomyces Rhodocyclus Synechococcus Chloroplast Escherichia Flavobacterium Argobacterium Chlamydia Desulfovibrio Flexibacter Chlorobium Gloeobacter Leptonema Clostridium Marine low temp Bacillus Methanobacterium Thermococcus Methanococcus Heliobacterium Methanothermus Thermoplasma Archaeoglobus Arthobacter Methanopyrus pOPS19 Haloferax Chloroflexus Thermus Thermotoga Methanospirillum pOPS66 Marine Gp. 1 low temp Aquifex pSL 22 pSL 12 Gp. 1 low temp EM17 Root Gp. 2 low temp Gp. 3 low temp Pyrodictium Sulfolobus pJP 27 pJP 78 pSL 50 Thermofilum Thermoproteus Archaea Coprinus (mushroom) Homo Zea (corn) Cryptomonas Achlya Costaria Porphyra Paramecium Babesia Giardia Dictyostelium Entamoeba Physarum Naegleria Trichomonas Euglena Trypanosoma Eukarya Encephalitozoon Vainmorpha

The History and Evolution of Bergey’s Manual 1. Bergey’s Manual of Determinative Bacteriology (1923-1994) 9 Editions (1 volume each )-These are mainly phenetic 2. Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology: 1s t edition (4volumes);1984-1989; Mix Phylogenetic/Phenetic-5 Kingdoms  2nd Edition (5 volumes) (2001-2012);Phylogenetic-3 Domains  

Bergey’s Manual of Determinative Bacteriology First edition-1923 (one volume) Seventh edition-1957 (one volume) 8th edition-1975 (one volume) 9th edition-1994 (one volume)

Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology- First edition -Published in 4 volumes: Volume 1 (1984) -Gram-negative Bacteria of general, medical, or industrial importance Volume 2 (1986) -Gram-positive Bacteria other than Actinomycetes Volume 3 (1989) -Archaeobacteria, Cyanobacteria, and remaining Gram-negative Bacteria Volume 4 (1989) -Actinomycetes  

Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology Second Edition-published in 5 volumes: Vol 1-(2001) The Archaea and the deeply branching and phototrophic Bacteria Vol 2-(2005)-The Proteobacteria Vol 3-(2009)- The Firmicutes Vol 4-(2011)- The Bacteroidetes, Spirochaetes, Tenericutes (Mollicutes), Acidobacteria, Fibrobacteres, Fusobacteria, Dictyoglomi, Gemmatimonadetes, Lentisphaerae, Verrucomicrobia, Chlamydiae, and Planctomycetes Vol 5-(2012)- The Actinobacteria

Bergey’s Overview Volume 1-Domain Archae

Archaea: The Other Prokaryotes Constitute third Domain Archaea More closely related to Eukarya than to Bacteria Contain unique genetic sequences in their rRNA Have unique membrane lipids and cell walls

Extreme halophiles

Hot springs, home of thermophiles

Bergey’s Overview Volume 1 Domain Bacteria

Cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) Gram-negative cell walls Extensive thylakoids with photosynthetic chlorophyll pigments and gas inclusions Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 20 microns (a) (a2) (a3) Stromatolite 10 mm (b) (c) Thylakoid membranes (d)

Green Sulfur Bacteria Photosynthetic Contain photosynthetic pigment bacteriochlorophyll Do not give off oxygen as a product of photosynthesis

Bergey’s Overview Volume 2

Plague bacteria

bubos

Volume 2-Domain Bacteria-Rickettsia Obligate intracellular parasites Rickettsias Very tiny, gram-negative bacteria Most are pathogens Obligate intracellular pathogens Cannot survive or multiply outside of a host cell Rickettsia rickettisii – Rocky Mountain spotted fever Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Rickettsial cells Nucleus Baca and Paretsky, Microbiological Reviews, 47(20);133, fig. 16, June 1983 © ASM Vacuole

Rickettsia life cycle

Bergey’s Overview Volume 3

Clostridial myonecrosis (gas gangrene)

Pleomorphic Mycoplasms 500 nm

Genus Bacillus

Genus Staphylococcus

Staph infections

Strep throat

Strep infection complications

Necrotizing fasciatus

Bergey’s Overview Volume 4

Tuberculosis

TB test

leprosy

leprosy

Bergey’s Overview Volume 5

Fig. 21.23.a

Chalymidial eye infection

Syphilis bacterium

Syphilis shankars

Secondary syphilis

Tertiary syphilis

Taxonomy-What do I need to know for the Exam? Bergeys Systematic Ed 1-Name of 4 Divisions in Kingdom Monera (and criterion for those Divisions) Bergeys Systematic 2nd Ed. Names of the 5 volumes and Domains included. Number of phyla and classes in each of the volumes For representative organisms discussed: name of the organism.Volume, Phylum and class/genus (if applicable)