Patient Monitor Evaluating Disaster Response The Wiisard Project David Kirsh Dept of Cognitive Science, Cal(IT) 2 UCSD What is WIISARD? Wireless Internet Information System for Medical Response to Disasters Disaster responders operate under a standardized Incident Command System. Old Artifacts: all record keeping is done by hand using pencil and papers, and communication channels are radio and runners in addition to sound, sight and touch. New artifacts introduced by WIISARD: Provider Device: a hand-held device that records START triage, patient details, interventions, vital signs, barcode scanner for patient identification. Intelligent Triage Tag (iTAG): for rapid triage and registering of patient into the system via wireless. Individual Patient Monitors: for wireless transmission of pulse oximetry and telemetry data. Mid-Tier: tablet pc with applications specific to the roles of Triage, Treatment, Transport and Staging. Conceptualization of disasters To understand how response units conceptualize the physical space of a disaster and their organized response in order to develop an ontology for geospatial and context-aware technology. JustificationPerimeter defined Perimeter marked Perimeter moves Center marked DurationShapeNested spaces? ZonesFactual: degree of safety Yes NoEvent3DYes AreasLong-term requirements of activity OftenSometime s YesEvent2DYes Ad hoc regions Short-term requirements specific to one activity NoSometime s No (expires) NoPhase of activity 2D/1DOther ad hoc Table 1. Geolocation attributes of space types: the conceptual map of first responders is far more complex than a geographical map. Cost-benefit structure of a Disaster Response System (DRS) along many dimensions. Complexity of routines: R i is better than R j if R i tasks: - are more complex - can be performed in acceptable time and error rate Triage: PDA vs. paper - can do more complex routines in acceptable time Transport: Mid Tier vs. paper - can do more complex routines in acceptable time Recovery time of Routines: time to recover previous level of routine performance after interruption, disruption, switch of activity. Design Challenge: redesign the environment to lower recovery time redesign to facilitate vigilance and error detection Quantitative Objectives Victim Flow Rate per node Evaluate information diffusion through computer simulations Information diffusion: how quickly and accurately information is propagated through a communication network When does increased information diffusion compensate for the time responders lose to communicating rather than responding? Assumptions: nature of links, responder locations, number of agents Static world Changing World Good Connectivity Changing World Bad Connectivity In a world where things change very slowly Wiisard provides a large initial advantage in information diffusion. However regular channels do catch up and slightly exceed Wiisard. In a dynamic world where victims change state a communication channels which Wiisard provide will dominate, although there remain potential dangers of local inconsistency. In a dynamic world where Wiisard network has frequent problems users are no better off with it than without it. Ultimate Goals of Wiisard Improve the efficiency of response –Increase victim flow through key areas –Reduce bottlenecks –Reduce cost of errors Improve the efficacy of response –Reduce numbers of errors Improve situation awareness Data Collection Interviews – on site – off site with hand simulation Shadowing key responders taking photos and notes Counting victim flows at key nodes Logs Usability – on site with responders – on site, with responders after activity – in lab Video, ethnographic study Provider Device Intelligent Triage Tag Mid-Tier Information diffusion: Wiisard vs. standard system