Sustaining Terrestrial Biodiversity: The Ecosystem Approach G. Tyler Miller’s Living in the Environment 14 th Edition Chapter 11 G. Tyler Miller’s Living in the Environment 14 th Edition Chapter 11

Key Concepts  Human land use  Types and uses of US public lands  Forests and forest management  Implications of deforestation  Management of parks  Establishment and management of nature preserves  Importance of ecological restoration

Section 1

Factors Increasing Biodiversity Refer to Fig p. 195  Moderate environmental disturbance  Middle stage of succession  Small changes in environmental conditions  Physically diverse habitat  Evolution

Factors Decreasing Biodiversity Refer to Fig p. 195  Large environmental disturbance  Extreme environmental conditions  Intense environmental stress  Severe shortages of resources  Nonnative species introduction  Geographic isolation

Human Activities and Biodiversity Fig p. 195

Importance of Biodiversity  Intrinsic value  Instrumental value  Existence value  Aesthetic value  Bequest value

Solutions for Protecting Biodiversity Fig p. 197

Section 2

Conservation Biology  Multidisciplinary science  Emergency response  Identify “hot spots”  Based on Leopold’s ethics  Rapid Assessment Teams

Section 3

Types of US Public Lands  Multiple-use lands: National Forests; National Resource Lands  Moderately-restricted use lands: National Wildlife Refuges  Restricted-use lands: National Park System; National Wilderness Preservation System

US Public Lands Fig p. 198

Managing US Public Land  Biodiversity and ecological function  No subsidies or tax breaks for use  Public should get fair compensation  Users held responsible for actions

Section 4

Types of Forests  Old-growth (frontier) forests  Second-growth forests  Tree farms/plantation

Managing and Sustaining Forests Ecological Importance of Forests  Food webs and energy flow  Protect soils from erosion  Local and regional climate  Numerous habitats and niches  Air purification Refer to Fig p. 200

Managing and Sustaining Forests Economic Importance of Forests  Fuelwood  Lumber  Paper  Livestock grazing  Mineral extraction and recreation Refer to Fig p. 200

Forest Management  Even-aged management  Uneven-aged management  Improved diversity  Sustainable production  Multiple-use  Rotation cycle

Management Strategies: Rotation Cycles Fig p. 201

Roads Lead to Forest Degradation  Increased erosion and runoff  Habitat fragmentation  Pathways for exotic species  Accessibility to humans Fig p. 201

Harvesting Trees  Selective cutting  High-grading  Shelterwood cutting  Seed-tree cutting  Clear-cutting  Strip cutting Fig e p. 202

Sustainable Forestry  Longer rotations  Selective or strip cutting  Minimize fragmentation  Improved road building techniques  Certify sustainable grown (See Solutions, Fig p. 205)

Section 5

Insect and Pathogen Threats to U.S. Forests  Pine shoot beetle  Beech bark disease  Sudden oak death  White pine blister rust  Hemlock woolly adelgid See Fig p. 207

Fire  Surface fires  Crown fires Fig p. 208

Logging in U.S. National Forests  Provides local jobs  Hinders recreation income  Provides only 3% of timber  Increases environmental damage  Increases environmental damage Fig p. 210

Section 6

Tropical Deforestation: Consequences  Rapid and increasing  Loss of biodiversity  Loss of resources (e.g., medicines)  Contributes to global warming

Tropical Deforestation: Causes Fig p. 212

Reducing Tropical Deforestation  Reducing poverty and population growth  Sustainable tropical agriculture  Encourage protection of large tracts  Debt-for-nature swaps  Reduce illegal cutting Refer to Fig p. 213

Section 7

Managing and Sustaining National Parks  Inadequate protection  Often too small to sustain biodiversity  Too many human visitors  Traffic jams and air pollution  Better pay for park staff  Invasions by nonnative species Also refer to Fig p. 215

Establishing, Designing, and Managing Nature Reserves  Include moderate to large tracts of land  Involve government, private sector and citizens  Protect most important areas (“hot spots”)  Biosphere reserves  Adaptive ecosystem management  Wilderness areas

Section 8

Ecological Restoration  Restoration  Rehabilitation  Replacement  Creating artificial ecosystems See Individuals Matter p. 214  Remediation

Ecological Restoration: Basic Principles  Mimic nature  Recreate lost niches  Control nonnative species  Reconnect small patches  Rely on pioneer species