Cilostazol 의 항혈소판 응집작용 및 심장순 환계 작용에 대한 PK/PD model 2003. 4. 충남대학교 약학대학 권 광 일.

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Cilostazol 의 항혈소판 응집작용 및 심장순 환계 작용에 대한 PK/PD model 충남대학교 약학대학 권 광 일

생물학적 동등성 연구 결과의 응용 1. 시험약과 대조약의 생체이용율비교 : K-Betest AUCt, Cmax, Tmax 2. PK parameter 의 산출 : WinNonlin AUCinf(CLtotal), Kel(t1/2), Ka, Vd/F, AUCt/AUCinf 3. Population PK analysis : NONMEM Factors : Sex, Weight(height), Alcohol, Caffeine etc. 4. PK/PD modeling : ADAPT PK data 와 PD data 를 이용하여 약물의 혈중농도 변화와 약효변화 관계를 수식으로 ( 특정 모델로 ) 해석하여 약물 투여 후의 약효 변화를 예측 할 수 있도록 한다.

PK/PD Effect vs. time Time(hr) Pharmacokinetics Plasma Concentration vs. time Time(hr) Pharmacodynamics Effect vs. Concentration Concentration effect Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic modeling

pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic Homogenecity Concentration Cp PK tissue concentration A. effect PD tissue concentration B. effect Cp A: PK Homogenecity: Predictabe relationship between Cp and Creceptor

PK model 의 종류 1.Non compartment model : AUC, AUMC, Cl=dose/AUC 2. Compartment model : I.V., oral One, two, three Compartment Models. Kel(t 1/2 ), Vd, Cl MRT = AUMC AUC

PD model 의 종류 1.Fixed effect model : All or None response 2.Linear model : E = S x C 3.Emax model : 4.Sigmoid Emax model : E = Emax ⅹ C EC 50 + C E = Emax ⅹ C r EC r 50 + C r

PK/PD-models to be considered during model selection Direct Link Vs. Indirect Link Direct Link Vs. Indirect Link Direct Response Vs. Indirect Response Direct Response Vs. Indirect Response Time-invariant Vs. Time-variant Time-invariant Vs. Time-variant Classification of PK/PD-models Selected PK/PD Model Dose – Concentration - Effect Relationship to be modeled

1 1 2 Central 2 Central 3 Peripheral 3 Peripheral Dose effect Classification of PK/PD models 1. Direct link model Ka Kcp Kpc Kel

Dose 12 Central 3 Peripheral Effect compartment Keo Effect 1.PD compartment 2.Mass balance 를 고려하지 않음 3.First order process Classification of PK/PD models 1. Indirect link model Ka Kcp Kpc Kel

Classification of PK/PD models 2. Direct response vs. indirect response models (I) 2. Indirect response models - 시간에 따른 농도변화와 효과간의 지연이 생김 - 분포과정에 의한 지연이 아님 - endogenous substance 를 합성하거나 분해하는데 시간이 소비 - 효과 - 농도 곡선에서 counterclock-wise hysteresis loop 관찰됨 1. Direct response models - 효과부위의 농도 변화에 따라 직접적으로 효과를 나타낼 만큼 신속히 진행 - 농도 - 효과간의 일시적 지연이 있으나 반응생성 기전의 지연은 없음 - direct link model - indirect link model

Example of Indirect response model Central 2 Central 3 Peripheral 3 Peripheral Dose 4. Effect compartment Kin PK model : two compartment model. The model input is via single oral bolus. PD model : Indirect response model with production of the response variable inhibited by the concentration of the drug in the plasma Ka Kcp Kpc Kel

Pharmacokinetics Dose Kel Classification of PK/PD models 2. Indirect response models Central Pharmacodynamic Kin Kout Response I. 약물의 반응은 약물농도에 의해 반응의 생성과 정이 자극 또는 저해되어 나타남 Kin : zero-order production rate constant II. 약물의 반응은 약물농도에 의해 반응의 소실과정이 자극 또는 저해되어 나타남 Kout : first-order degradation rate constant

I. INHIBITION -K in II. INHIBITION -K out Response (R) kinkout IC 50 Ro R T max Time R T max Ro Time dR dt = kin (1- Cp IC 50 + Cp ) –Kout R Response (R) kinkout IC 50 dR dt = kin –kout(1- Cp IC50 + Cp ) R Classification of PK/PD models 1. Indirect response models

III. STIMULATION -K in IV. STIMULATION -K out Response (R) kinkout EC50 Ro R T max Time R T max Ro Time dR dt =kin (1+ EmaxCp EC 50 +Cp ) - kout R Response (R) kin kout EC 50 dR dt =kin – kout(1+ EC 50 +Cp ) R Emax Cp KEY :EC 50 Stimulation IC 50 Inhibition Classification of PK/PD models 2. Indirect response models

Classification of PK/PD models 3. Time invariant vs. time variant models Time-invariant model - PD parameter 는 전시간에 걸쳐 상수로 존재 - 효과의 강도는 항상 농도에 의해서 2 차적으로 결정 - Direct response model Time-variant model - Emax 나 EC 50 같은 PD parameter 가 시간 의존적인 변화로 인해 같은 농도에 대해서 효과의 강도가 다르게 나타남 - 내성 (tolerance) : 초기 큰 효과를 나타내었던 농도에서 효과의 강도가 감소  농도 - 효과 곡선에서 Clock-wise Hysteresis 가 나타남 - 감작 (sensitization) : 같은 농도에서 시간이 지날수록 효과의 강도가 증가  Counterclock-wise Hysteresis loop 관찰

Summary No hysteresis - Direct link Model Hysteresis Clock-wise hysteresis - Time-variant PD model(Tolerance) Counterclock-wise hysteresis - Indirect link model( 분포상의 지연 ) - Indirect response model - Time-variant PD model (Sensitization) effect counter clock-wise clock-wise Cp

Cilostazol Phosphodiesterase(PDE) III inhibitor 약리효과 1. 항혈소판응집 작용 2. 혈관확장작용 3. 심박동수, 심근수축력, 관상동맥 혈류량이 증가됨 1983 년 일본 오츠카에서 합성 - 개발한 항혈전 - 혈관확장제 : 만성동맥 폐쇄증에 기인한 궤양, 동통 및 냉감 등의 허혈성계 증상의 개선에 사용

연구 내용 In vitro 에서 cilostazol 의 항혈소판응집 작용 cilostazol 경구투여 PK data Cilostazol 의 혈중농도 측정 PK data Cilostazol 의 혈중농도 측정 PD data 항혈소판응집 작용 측정 심혈관계 작용 : 심박동수 및 혈압 측정 PD data 항혈소판응집 작용 측정 심혈관계 작용 : 심박동수 및 혈압 측정 PK/PD model 의 설정

Blood : Sod. Citrate (9 : 1) Platelet rich plasma (PRP) Platelet poor plasma (PPP) Centrifuge (160g/10min ) Centrifuge (2000g/10min ) Plasma sample or Cilostazol 40 ul Aggregation inducer 40 ul (ADP or epinephrine) Method Cilostazol 의 항 혈소판응집 작용 측정 37  C, 3 min Aggregation 5 min

Aggregation % (Extent) : 응집반응의 마지막 부분에서 응집의 크기 Slope (Rate) : 혈소판 응집 반응이 일어나는 속도 약물의 항혈소판응집 효과  Inhibition % =(A–B)/A ×100 A : control 의 maximum aggregation % B : 약물처리시의 maximum aggregation %

PK/PD data 를 위한 실험 design Volunteers 혈중농도 혈액 10ml 3ml Citrated (9:1) 1) 혈소판응집 측정 7ml heparinized Cilostazol 100mg 경구투여 HPLC 로 혈중농도 분석 약물효과 2) 채혈 후 혈압 및 심박동수 측정

Data analysis 1. In vitro PD analysis WinNonlin ADP 와 epinephrine 을 응집 유도제로 하여 얻은 각 농도에서의 inhibition % 를 Sigmoid Emax model 에 적용하여 fitting 하여 PD parameter(Emax, EC50,  ) 를 산출 2. PK analysis Two compartment model 에 따라 fitting 된 그래프로부터 PK parameter 산출 3. PK/PD analysis ADAPT II program 항혈소판 응집 작용 ( 응집율, slope) : Indirect response model 심혈관계 작용 ( 혈압, 심박동수 ) : Direct response model

4. Effect compartment Keo Direct response model E max × x  EC 50  + x  Central 2 Central 3 Peripheral 3 Peripheral Dose PK model : two compartment model. The model input is via single oral bolus PD model : Direct response model. Drug response is related via the Hill equation (Sigmoid Emax model) to drug concentration in an effect compartment Kcp Kpc Ka Kel

Indirect response model Central 2 Central 3 Peripheral 3 Peripheral Dose 4. Effect compartment Kin PK model : two compartment model. The model input is via single oral bolus. PD model : Indirect response model with production of the response variable inhibited by the concentration of the drug in the plasma Ka Kcp Kpc Kel

Differential equations for indirect response model dx 1 (t) dt = -Ka ㆍ x 1 (t) =-(K el + K cp ) ㆍ x 2 (t) + K a ㆍ x 1 (t) + K pc ㆍ x 3 (t) dx 2 (t) dt = K cp ㆍ x 2 (t) - K pc ㆍ x 3 (t) dx 3 (t) dt = K in ( 1- ) - ㆍ x 4 (t) dx 4 (t) dt x 2 (t) IC 50 +x 2 (t) K in IC(4) K out =K in /IC(4)

Model 선정을 위한 적정성 평가  SDRSS (the standardized residual sum-of-squares) =  (residual 2 /variance)  AIC (Akaike information criterion) = m ln (O WLS ) + 2 p or m ln (O NLL ) + 2 (p+q)  ECV (the estimator criterion value)  SC (Schwartz criterion)  Visual inspection  SDRSS, ECV, AIC 및 SC 는 그 값이 작을수록 더 적절한 모델임을 의미

선정된 model 의 적정성 평가 1. 산출된 parameter 의 confidence interval -50% < C.I. < +50% 2. Parameter 간의 Correlation Coefficient 80% 이하 3. Visual inspection

1. In vitro 에서 cilostazol 의 항혈소판응집 작용 Inhibition %Slope Inducer Emax (%) EC 50 (  M)  ADP Epinephrine ADP - Epinephrine

Open circles are observed values and solid line is the result of Weighted least squares(WLS) method in ADAPT II program. Parameter (unit) value. Non-compartmental analysis AUC(ng*hr/ml)  Cmax(ng/ml)  Tmax(hr) 3.65  0.20 CLt(L/hr)  0.83 V/F(L) 14.4 Compartmental analysis Kel(hr -1 ) Ka(hr -1 ) Kcp(hr -1 ) Kpc(hr -1 ) t 1/2 -alpha(hr) 1.77 t 1/2 -beta(hr) PK analysis

3. PK/PD analysis Plot of cilostazol concentration versus effect. Platelet Aggregation Inhibition % Diastolic pressureHeart rate

PK/PD modeling 1) Cilostazol 의 항혈소판응집 작용 – model 의 선택 Direct response model [ Indirect link model ] Indirect response model Model A [direct link] Model B [Indirect link] parameter Model A Model B Kin IC IC(4) or IC(5) Keo Criterion Model A Model B SDRSS AIC SC ECV Time delay parameter t 1/2-Keo = 0.693/ Keo  8.4  (hr)

Plots of aggregation % and time course. Data points are observed values. The solid lines are the fittings from Model A Plots of slope and time course. Data points are observed values. The solid lines are the fittings from Model A. PK/PD modeling 1) Cilostazol 의 항혈소판응집 작용 – Best fitted

PK/PD modeling 2) Cilostazol 의 심혈관계 작용 – model 의 선택 Direct response model [Indirect link model] Model I Linked Peripheral compartment Model II Linked effect compartment Criterion Diastolic pressure Heart rate SDRSS AIC SC ECV

PK/PD modeling 2) Cilostazol 의 심혈관계 작용 – Best fitted Diastolic pressure Heart rateDiastolic pressure PD parameter DBP Heart rate Keo (hr -1 ) Emax EC 50 (ng/ml) 

1.In vitro 에서 ADP 와 epinephrine 에 대한 cilostazol 의 항혈소판응집 작용은 Sigmoid Emax model 에 잘 적용되었다. 3.Cilostazol 을 경구투여 한 후 측정한 항혈소판응집 작용은 약물투여 후 8 시간 에서 최대효과를 나타내었고 혈중농도가 소실될 때까지 지속되었다. 4. 경구투여에 의한 cilostazol 의 혈소판응집 저해효과를 설명하는 PK/PD model 은 PD model 의 input function 인 혈장농도에 의해 반응생성 과정이 저해되는 indirect response model 이 적용되었다. 2. 경구투여에 의한 cilostazol 의 약물동태는 two compartment model 로 해석되었다. 5.Cilostazol 을 투여하였을 때 이완기 혈압은 감소, 심박동수는 증가하였으며 모 두 6 시간에서 최대효과를 나타내었다. 6. 이완기 혈압과 심박동수 변화에 대한 PK/PD model 은 약물의 반응이 effect compartment 의 농도에 의해 Hill equation (Sigmoid Emax model) 을 통해 표현 되는 direct response model 이 적용되었다.