King George I House of Hanover reigns 1713 to present Hanover changes name to Windsor during WWI

King George II & George III ( )( )

King George IV & George V ( )

King George VI

The Industrial Revolution C Textiles: Spinning and weaving machines Cotton gin, 1790s James Watt, steam engine, 1760s Better farming methods

James Watt & his steam engine

Steam Engine Provided power for new machinery Factories could now be located anywhere – not just along rivers Led to growth of cities

Steam locomotive (train engine)

Railways

“Luddites” smashing loom Traditional workers lost their jobs Start of the first trade unions

Mill town

Woolen mill

Industrialization

England leads world in industry

Causes of Industrial Success in Britain Profits from the colonies. Slave trade. Natural resources (coal). Science and technology. Geography and climate. People’s work ethic.

England: Workshop of the world

Exploitation of labor

Crowded housing & poor slums

Urban England

Child labor

Charles Dickens Great Expectations Oliver Twist A Tale of Two Cities A Christmas Carol and many more…

Adam Smith: Wealth of Nations

Wealth of Nations, 1776 Free enterprise Laissez-faire : non-interference in economy Gov’t did not interfere in the Industrial Revolution. (did not stop child labor, allowed people to get rich, etc.)

Chartist Movement,

The People’s Charter 1 st nationwide working class movement. Wanted equal rights for the working class. Demanded votes for all males. Demanded secret ballot. 4 other points, p. 126

Chartist Movement Chartism often led to violent confrontations

Queen Victoria

The Victorian Era Technology & inventions of the Ind. Rev. Interest in science (Darwin, etc.) Growing wealth of society – strong middle class More freedoms of the people “Polite society” – proper relationships, decency and morality New Literature: social commentary (Dickens)

The Great Exhibition, 1851 Like the Shanghai Expo – a world fair

Origin of Species revolutionized “science”

Darwin’s HMS Beagle in Straits of Magellan

Charles Darwin Published his studies on evolution, 1859 Provided justification for imperialism – “survival of the fittest” (Imperialism: trying to build an empire)

Expansion of the Empire : Seven Years’ War - Britain acquires Canada : War of American Revolution - loss of 13 colonies. 1800s: Expansion into India, Africa, Pacific. – Australia: colonized by British convicts, gold miners – S. Africa and Egypt centers of British trade. – Conquered India to maintain trade profits.

North America after Seven Years’ War, 1763

North America after American Revolution, 1783

New Era of Imperialism after 1800

Imperialism in Africa All European nations competed for overseas empire England was the most successful

Relations with China Lin Zexu 林则徐 resisted British imperialism in China. Britain made large profits from Indian opium sold in China. It was illegal to sell opium, but Britain forced China to sign treaties allowing them to do business in China. Led to First Opium War, ( 鸦片战争 ) Hong Kong was occupied by GB.

Canton: destruction of opium

HMS Nemesis: British iron hull, steam power, & long-range guns

Opium War: Nemesis destroys Chinese fleet

British technological superiority Great Britain was the first nation to benefit from the Industrial Revolution. British Empire and their victory in China was the result of Industrial Revolution.

Second Opium War: destruction of Summer Palace, 1860

Crimean War  A conflict between Russia, France, England, and others for the control of parts of the Middle East and Southeastern Europe.

Crimea

Many sick and injured in Crimea

Florence Nightingale Born wealthy. Preferred helping people over living life of luxury. Took over nursing in Crimea. Founder of modern nursing profession.

British imperialism in South Africa

Boer War: British fight Christian Dutch settlers