INTRODUCTION TO ARMY OPERATIONS

Doctrine FM 3-0, pg 1-14, 2001 “ Doctrine is the concise expression of how Army forces contribute to unified action in campaigns, major operations, battles, and engagements.” “It is authoritative, but requires judgment in application.” FM , PG 1-55, 1997

TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCES HISTORICAL LESSONS MONETARY RESOURCES DOCTRINE POLITICAL GOALS AMERICAN SOCIETY THE SOURCES OF DOCTRINE HEADQUARTERS DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY TANK AND MECHANIZED INFANTRY COMPANY TEAM FM 3-0 OPERATIONS FM FM 7-10 TACTICSTECHNIQUES TMs PROCEDURES

Doctrinal Hierarchy Newer FM (Jan 93) Older Higher FM 3-0 Lower FM 7-10 General FM 7-10 Branch Specific FM FM 3-0 (Jun 01)

FM 3-0 Operations BattlefieldFramework Battlefield Operating Systems(BOS) Elements of Combat Power Tenets of Army Operations Principles of War BattlefieldFramework Battlefield Operating Systems(BOS) Elements of Combat Power Tenets of Army Operations Principles of War

THE PRINCIPLES OF WAR THE PRINCIPLES OF WAR “There’s only one principle of war, and that’s this. Hit the other fellow as quick as you can and as hard as you can, where it hurts him the most, when he ain’t lookin’! “ Field Marshall Viscount Slim, Defeat Into Victory, 1963

PRINCIPLES OF WAR  APPLICABLE AT ALL LEVELS OF COMMAND.  APPLY AS WELL TODAY AS CENTURIES AGO.  NOT A CHECKLIST.  APPLICABLE AT ALL LEVELS OF COMMAND.  APPLY AS WELL TODAY AS CENTURIES AGO.  NOT A CHECKLIST.

PRINCIPLES OF WAR OBJECTIVE OFFENSIVE OFFENSIVE MASS MASS ECONOMY OF FORCE ECONOMY OF FORCE MANEUVER MANEUVER UNITY OF COMMAND UNITY OF COMMAND SECURITY SECURITY SURPRISE SURPRISE SIMPLICITY SIMPLICITYOBJECTIVE OFFENSIVE OFFENSIVE MASS MASS ECONOMY OF FORCE ECONOMY OF FORCE MANEUVER MANEUVER UNITY OF COMMAND UNITY OF COMMAND SECURITY SECURITY SURPRISE SURPRISE SIMPLICITY SIMPLICITY FM 3-0, pp 4-11 to 4-15

OBJECTIVE “DIRECT EVERY MILITARY OPERATION TOWARDS A CLEARLY DEFINED, DECISIVE, AND ATTAINABLE OBJECTIVE.” FM 3-0, p. 4-12

OBJECTIVE “Our objectives are clear. Saddam Hussein’s forces will leave Kuwait. The legitimate government of Kuwait will be restored to its rightful place and Kuwait will once again be free.” President George Bush President George Bush address to the nation address to the nation (January 16, 1991) (January 16, 1991) “Our objectives are clear. Saddam Hussein’s forces will leave Kuwait. The legitimate government of Kuwait will be restored to its rightful place and Kuwait will once again be free.” President George Bush President George Bush address to the nation address to the nation (January 16, 1991) (January 16, 1991)

OFFENSIVE “SEIZE, RETAIN, AND EXPLOIT THE INITIATIVE. “SEIZE, RETAIN, AND EXPLOIT THE INITIATIVE. FM 3-0 p. 4-13

OFFENSIVE “Our strategy to go after this army is very, very simple. First, we’re going to cut it off, then we’re going to kill it.” General Colin Powell General Colin Powell January 23, 1991 January 23, 1991 “Our strategy to go after this army is very, very simple. First, we’re going to cut it off, then we’re going to kill it.” General Colin Powell General Colin Powell January 23, 1991 January 23, 1991

MASS “CONCENTRATE THE EFFECTS OF COMBAT POWER AT THE DECISIVE PLACE AND TIME.” FM 3-0, p. 4-13

MASS “Move upon the enemy in one mass on one line so that when brought to battle you shall outnumber him, and from such a direction that you compromise him.” Napoleon ( ) Napoleon ( ) “Move upon the enemy in one mass on one line so that when brought to battle you shall outnumber him, and from such a direction that you compromise him.” Napoleon ( ) Napoleon ( )

ECONOMY OF FORCE “ALLOCATE MINIMUM ESSENTIAL COMBAT POWER TO SECONDARY EFFORTS.” “ALLOCATE MINIMUM ESSENTIAL COMBAT POWER TO SECONDARY EFFORTS.” FM 3-0, p. 4-13

ECONOMY OF FORCE “Using an economy of force in Europe and elsewhere in the world, the United States was able to ‘concentrate combat power at the decisive place and time.’ ” Harry Summers Harry Summers A Critical Analysis A Critical Analysis of the Gulf War of the Gulf War “Using an economy of force in Europe and elsewhere in the world, the United States was able to ‘concentrate combat power at the decisive place and time.’ ” Harry Summers Harry Summers A Critical Analysis A Critical Analysis of the Gulf War of the Gulf War

MANEUVER “PLACE THE ENEMY IN A DISADVANTAGEOUS POSITION THROUGH THE FLEXIBLE APPLICATION OF COMBAT POWER.” “PLACE THE ENEMY IN A DISADVANTAGEOUS POSITION THROUGH THE FLEXIBLE APPLICATION OF COMBAT POWER.” FM 3-0, p. 4-14

MANEUVER “Battles are won by slaughter and maneuver. The greater the general, the more he contributes in maneuver, the less he demands in slaughter” Sir Winston Churchill 1923 “Battles are won by slaughter and maneuver. The greater the general, the more he contributes in maneuver, the less he demands in slaughter” Sir Winston Churchill 1923

UNITY OF COMMAND “FOR EVERY OBJECTIVE, ENSURE UNITY OF EFFORT UNDER ONE RESPONSIBLE COMMANDER.” “FOR EVERY OBJECTIVE, ENSURE UNITY OF EFFORT UNDER ONE RESPONSIBLE COMMANDER.” FM 3-0, p. 4-14

UNITY OF COMMAND “Nothing in war is more important than unity of command. Thus, when war is raged against a single power there must be but one army, acting on one line and led by one chief.” Napoleon ( ) Napoleon ( ) “Nothing in war is more important than unity of command. Thus, when war is raged against a single power there must be but one army, acting on one line and led by one chief.” Napoleon ( ) Napoleon ( )

SECURITY “NEVER PERMIT THE ENEMY TO ACQUIRE AN UNEXPECTED ADVANTAGE.” “NEVER PERMIT THE ENEMY TO ACQUIRE AN UNEXPECTED ADVANTAGE.” FM 3-0, p. 4-14

SECURITY “A general who takes nothing for granted is secure in war.” The Emporer Maurice, The Emporer Maurice, The Strategicon AD 600 The Strategicon AD 600 “A general who takes nothing for granted is secure in war.” The Emporer Maurice, The Emporer Maurice, The Strategicon AD 600 The Strategicon AD 600

SURPRISE “STRIKE THE ENEMY AT A TIME OR PLACE, OR IN A MANNER, FOR WHICH HE IS UNPREPARED.” FM 3-0, p. 4-14

SURPRISE “...once the air campaign started, he would be incapable of moving out to counter (the allied shift to the west in preparation for a flank attack) even if he knew we made it.” General Schwarzkopf General Schwarzkopf “...once the air campaign started, he would be incapable of moving out to counter (the allied shift to the west in preparation for a flank attack) even if he knew we made it.” General Schwarzkopf General Schwarzkopf

SIMPLICITY “PREPARE CLEAR, UNCOMPLICATED PLANS AND CLEAR, CONCISE ORDERS TO ENSURE THOROUGH UNDERSTANDING.” FM 3-0, p. 4-15

SIMPLICITY “And the principle of simplicity serves another function as well. It is a kind of litmus test against which the other principles can be measured.” Harry Summers Harry Summers A Critical Analysis A Critical Analysis of the Gulf War of the Gulf War “And the principle of simplicity serves another function as well. It is a kind of litmus test against which the other principles can be measured.” Harry Summers Harry Summers A Critical Analysis A Critical Analysis of the Gulf War of the Gulf War

APPLICATION of the PRINCIPLES OF WAR APPLICATION of the PRINCIPLES OF WAR “The art of war owns certain elements and fixed principles. elements and fixed principles. We must acquire that theory, and lodge it in our heads - otherwise we will never get very far.” -Frederick The Great -Frederick The Great “The art of war owns certain elements and fixed principles. elements and fixed principles. We must acquire that theory, and lodge it in our heads - otherwise we will never get very far.” -Frederick The Great -Frederick The Great

Tenets of Army Operations Initiative Initiative Agility Agility Depth Depth Synchronization Synchronization Versatility Versatility Initiative Initiative Agility Agility Depth Depth Synchronization Synchronization Versatility Versatility

Initiative Setting or dictating the terms of action throughout the battle or operation. Initiative Requires:Initiative Requires: OffensiveOffensive Anticipation of Likely Enemy COAsAnticipation of Likely Enemy COAs AudacityAudacity Seize Opportunity Within Scope of Commander’s ConceptSeize Opportunity Within Scope of Commander’s Concept The Goal: Creation of a Fluid Situation in Which the Enemy Loses Control of Events The Goal: Creation of a Fluid Situation in Which the Enemy Loses Control of Events Initiative Requires:Initiative Requires: OffensiveOffensive Anticipation of Likely Enemy COAsAnticipation of Likely Enemy COAs AudacityAudacity Seize Opportunity Within Scope of Commander’s ConceptSeize Opportunity Within Scope of Commander’s Concept The Goal: Creation of a Fluid Situation in Which the Enemy Loses Control of Events The Goal: Creation of a Fluid Situation in Which the Enemy Loses Control of Events

Agility Tactical agility is the ability of a friendly force to react faster than the enemy. Tactical agility is the ability of a friendly force to react faster than the enemy. Agility Requires:Agility Requires: Continuous Reading of the BattlefieldContinuous Reading of the Battlefield Willingness to Act on Incomplete InformationWillingness to Act on Incomplete Information Rapid Decisions and OrdersRapid Decisions and Orders Units Physically and Psychologically Capable of Rapid Reorientation and MovementUnits Physically and Psychologically Capable of Rapid Reorientation and Movement The Goal: Repeated Concentration of Friendly Strength Against Enemy Weakness The Goal: Repeated Concentration of Friendly Strength Against Enemy Weakness Agility Requires:Agility Requires: Continuous Reading of the BattlefieldContinuous Reading of the Battlefield Willingness to Act on Incomplete InformationWillingness to Act on Incomplete Information Rapid Decisions and OrdersRapid Decisions and Orders Units Physically and Psychologically Capable of Rapid Reorientation and MovementUnits Physically and Psychologically Capable of Rapid Reorientation and Movement The Goal: Repeated Concentration of Friendly Strength Against Enemy Weakness The Goal: Repeated Concentration of Friendly Strength Against Enemy Weakness

Depth The extension of operations in time, space, and resources. The extension of operations in time, space, and resources. Depth Requires: Depth Requires: Fight the Enemy Throughout Depth of His Disposition Fight the Enemy Throughout Depth of His Disposition Adjust Main Effort to Exploit Opportunities Adjust Main Effort to Exploit Opportunities Attack of Uncommitted Enemy Forces and Support Attack of Uncommitted Enemy Forces and Support Facilities Facilities Retention of Effective Reserves Retention of Effective Reserves Aggressive Projection of the Current Battle Into The Aggressive Projection of the Current Battle Into The Enemy’s Rear Areas Enemy’s Rear Areas Continuity of Sustainment Continuity of Sustainment The Goal: Momentum in the Attack and Elasticity in the The Goal: Momentum in the Attack and Elasticity in the Defense Defense Depth Requires: Depth Requires: Fight the Enemy Throughout Depth of His Disposition Fight the Enemy Throughout Depth of His Disposition Adjust Main Effort to Exploit Opportunities Adjust Main Effort to Exploit Opportunities Attack of Uncommitted Enemy Forces and Support Attack of Uncommitted Enemy Forces and Support Facilities Facilities Retention of Effective Reserves Retention of Effective Reserves Aggressive Projection of the Current Battle Into The Aggressive Projection of the Current Battle Into The Enemy’s Rear Areas Enemy’s Rear Areas Continuity of Sustainment Continuity of Sustainment The Goal: Momentum in the Attack and Elasticity in the The Goal: Momentum in the Attack and Elasticity in the Defense Defense

Synchronization Is arranging activities in time, space, and purpose to mass maximum relative combat power at a decisive place and time Synchronization Requires: Synchronization Requires: Understanding of the Complementary and Understanding of the Complementary and Reinforcing Effects of Combined Arms Reinforcing Effects of Combined Arms Knowledge of Enemy Capabilities and Knowledge of Enemy Capabilities and Vulnerabilities Vulnerabilities Careful and Complete Planning and Careful and Complete Planning and Coordination Coordination Mastery of Time-Space Relationships Mastery of Time-Space Relationships Continuity of Sustainment Continuity of Sustainment The Goal: Every Asset Focused at the Decisive The Goal: Every Asset Focused at the Decisive Time and Place Time and Place Synchronization Requires: Synchronization Requires: Understanding of the Complementary and Understanding of the Complementary and Reinforcing Effects of Combined Arms Reinforcing Effects of Combined Arms Knowledge of Enemy Capabilities and Knowledge of Enemy Capabilities and Vulnerabilities Vulnerabilities Careful and Complete Planning and Careful and Complete Planning and Coordination Coordination Mastery of Time-Space Relationships Mastery of Time-Space Relationships Continuity of Sustainment Continuity of Sustainment The Goal: Every Asset Focused at the Decisive The Goal: Every Asset Focused at the Decisive Time and Place Time and Place

Versatility The ability of Army Forces to meet the global, diverse mission requirements of full spectrum operations. The ability of Army Forces to meet the global, diverse mission requirements of full spectrum operations. Must Be Able to:Must Be Able to: Shift FocusShift Focus Tailor ForcesTailor Forces Quickly Change Mission or RoleQuickly Change Mission or Role Multifunctional Requirements Multifunctional Requirements Flexible Transition From One Type of Mission to Another Type Flexible Transition From One Type of Mission to Another Type Must Be Able to:Must Be Able to: Shift FocusShift Focus Tailor ForcesTailor Forces Quickly Change Mission or RoleQuickly Change Mission or Role Multifunctional Requirements Multifunctional Requirements Flexible Transition From One Type of Mission to Another Type Flexible Transition From One Type of Mission to Another Type

Army Operations The Levels of War A Nation or Group of Nations Use National Interest to Determine Their Strategy to Ensure an Effective, Responsive National Power Projection Capability... Involves the Art and Science of Employing Armed Forces With Other Instruments of National Power to Secure Strategic Goals. Link Between National - and Theater - Strategic Aims/Goals and the Tactical Employment of Forces on the Battlefield. Usually Joint, Translating Strategic Goals Into Campaign Plans That When Successfully Executed Will Accomplish the Strategic Aims Battles and Engagements Planned and Executed to Accomplish Military Objectives. The Victories, Put Together, Achieve Operational Results. OPERATIONAL STRATEGIC TACTICAL

LEVELS OF WAR ENGAGEMENTENGAGEMENTENGAGEMENTENGAGEMENTENGAGEMENTENGAGEMENTENGAGEMENTENGAGEMENTENGAGEMENTENGAGEMENTENGAGEMENTENGAGEMENTENGAGEMENTENGAGEMENTENGAGEMENTENGAGEMENT BATTLEBATTLE MAJOR OPNS BATTLEBATTLE BATTLEBATTLE BATTLEBATTLE CAMPAIGNCAMPAIGN STRATEGIC GOALS POLICY AIMS STRATEGIC GOALS POLICY AIMS TheaterTheaterArmies/CorpsArmies/CorpsCorps/Div/BdeCorps/Div/Bde Bde & Smaller Smaller Bde & Smaller Smaller

ELEMENTS OF COMBAT POWER ELEMENTS OF COMBAT POWER FM 3-0 pg 4-3 to 4-10  MANEUVER  FIREPOWER  LEADERSHIP  PROTECTION  INFORMATION  MANEUVER  FIREPOWER  LEADERSHIP  PROTECTION  INFORMATION

BATTLEFIELD OPERATING SYSTEMS INTELLIGENCE INTELLIGENCE MANEUVER MANEUVER FIRE SUPPORT FIRE SUPPORT AIR DEFENSE AIR DEFENSE MOBILITY, C-MOBILITY, SURVIVABILITY MOBILITY, C-MOBILITY, SURVIVABILITY COMBAT SERVICE SUPPORT COMBAT SERVICE SUPPORT COMMAND AND CONTROL COMMAND AND CONTROL INTELLIGENCE INTELLIGENCE MANEUVER MANEUVER FIRE SUPPORT FIRE SUPPORT AIR DEFENSE AIR DEFENSE MOBILITY, C-MOBILITY, SURVIVABILITY MOBILITY, C-MOBILITY, SURVIVABILITY COMBAT SERVICE SUPPORT COMBAT SERVICE SUPPORT COMMAND AND CONTROL COMMAND AND CONTROL

Figure 2-1. Doctrinal Hierarchy of Operations FM 3-90, Ch 2, page 2-2 Doctrinal Hierarchy of Operations

AOR SupportZone Support Line Limit of Responsibility (LOR) BattleZone DisruptionZone Battle Line LOR ENEMY Battlefield Framework: Linear “Contiguous”

AOR SupportZone Battle Zone Disruption Zone LOR Subordinate LOR SupportZone Battle Zone SupportZone Battlefield Framework: Non- Linear or “Non-Contiguous”

Homework / Prep Bring ARTEP 7-8 MTP to Friday’s Classes Bring FM’s; 3.0, 23-9, 7-0 or , , & TC’s 7-9 & Review today’s training in preparation for Friday’s TTF & BFT 1 & 2 + Dev Sqd STX Download Leader Book format from Plt website. Review ARTEP 7-8 MTP and become familiar with it setup and chapter system Read FM Training the Force All (40 pgs) Read FM Ch 1 & Appendix’s B & G Read FM 23-9 Appx D “Range Opns Checklist” Bring ARTEP 7-8 MTP to Friday’s Classes Bring FM’s; 3.0, 23-9, 7-0 or , , & TC’s 7-9 & Review today’s training in preparation for Friday’s TTF & BFT 1 & 2 + Dev Sqd STX Download Leader Book format from Plt website. Review ARTEP 7-8 MTP and become familiar with it setup and chapter system Read FM Training the Force All (40 pgs) Read FM Ch 1 & Appendix’s B & G Read FM 23-9 Appx D “Range Opns Checklist”

INTRODUCTION TO ARMY OPERATIONS

Tenets Army Operations of M a n e u v e r F i r e p o w e r P r o t e c t i o n L e a d e r s h i p Principles of War Mass Objective Maneuver Surprise Offensive Simplicity Unity of Command Security Economy Agility Initiative Depth Synchronization Versatility Elements of Combat Power Modern Application Specific Reality Bedrock Go to the Funnel Module A1 MOM USE SOS MFPL What do they mean to Maneuver CDR Which is most important and why? Tactics

C o h e s i v e, I n t e g r a t e d a n d S y n c h r o n i z e d T a c t i c a l P l a n Enemy Elements P O W ’ s MFPL T a c t i c s I n s t i n c t s C TLP MDMP 2

Module A1 Painting the house of Doctrine

Lesson A1 TLP’s Science Hard Data IPB MTETT Doctrine Art Instinct Experience Natural Ability Training “Over time”

Probably Win Probably lose Decisive Point (the fulcrum) M F P L M F P L C B T P W R C B T P W R The Decisive Point Module A1

Tenets Army Operations of Principles of War Mass Surprise Unity of Command Objective Maneuver Offensive Simplicity Security Economy Of Force Agility Initiative Depth Synchronization Versatility Elements of Combat Power Modern Application Specific Reality Bedrock MOM USE SOS MFPL What do they mean to Maneuver CDR Which is most important and why? Maneuver Firepower Protection Leadership