Gene Technology Chapter 11

11-1 Genetic Engineering Objectives Describe the steps of genetic engineering experiments SCS: B-4.9

Genetic engineering – the process of manipulating genes for practical purposes - involves the use of recombinant DNA or DNA made from two or more different organisms

Steps in a genetic engineering experiment DNA piece is cut from both organisms using enzymes. Piece is placed inside a vector (another organism used to carry a gene to another cell). Examples include viruses, yeast and plasmids. The pieces are “glued” together producing recombinant DNA Many copies of the gene of interest is made The cells are screened or isolated for the gene of interest

Gel electrophoresis Used to separate DNA fragments for identification

11-2 Genetic Engineering in Medicine and Society Objectives Describe how genetic engineering has produced products like medicines Summarize the steps involved in making a vaccine Describe how gene therapy is being used to treat genetic disorders Identify uses of DNA fingerprinting Describe the goals of the Human Genome Project SCS: B-4.9

Genetic Engineering and Medicine Most genetic disorders are a result of defective proteins Scientist can modify bacteria to produce needed proteins in large amounts Anticoagulants (heart attacks) Insulin Interferons (viral infections and cancer) Human growth hormones (growth defects) Factor VIII (hemophilia)

Vaccines A solution containing all or part of a harmless version of a pathogen (causes diseases) Triggers an immune response

Vaccines available FDA approved vaccines Viral infections: Hepatitis A Hepatitis B Influenza Japanese B encephalitis Measles Mumps Polio Rabies Rubella Tick-borne encephalitis Yellow Fever

Bacterial infections: Anthrax Diphtheria Haemophilus Influenzae b (Hib) Meningococcal meningitis Pertussis Pneumococcal pneumonia Tetanus Tuberculosis (BCG) Typhoid

Gene therapy A technique that involves putting a healthy copy of the gene into the cells of a person whose copy of the gene is defective Disease being now treated with gene therapy Cancer Cystic fibrosis Hemophilia Rheumatoid arthritis

DNA Fingerprinting A pattern of dark band on photographic film that is made when an individual's DNA fragments are separated by gel electrophoresis Used in paternity cases, crime scene investigation, identifying genes responsible for genetic disorders

Human Genome Project Mapping other genomes The goal was to determine the sequence of nucleotides of the entire human genome Completed in 2003 Mapping other genomes At least 15 other genomes have been determined Used in biological research

11-3 Genetic Engineering in agriculture Objectives Describes ways in which genetic engineering has improved agriculture Summarize ways in which GE has been uses to modify farm animals Summarize cloning and its uses SCS: b-4.9

Farmers have been selectively breeding crops for 1000s of years Chose the plant with the desirable characteristics and then bred them Benefits Drought tolerant Disease resistant Greater yield Faster growing times taste

Genetic engineering uses in animal farming Controlled breeding Growth hormones Adding human genes to produce human proteins Transgenic animals Animals that have had foreign DNA injected into their cells

Cloning First clone was in 1997 Other animals clones: Process: DNA is taken from a nucleus and replaced with the desired DNA Electric shock applied to induce the cells to replicate Replicated mass of cells in placed in a host parent

Problems with cloning Premature aging Bringing back extinct animals (is this a good thing?) Saving animals from extinction