Chapter 1 Introduction to Biology

Lab equipment beaker

Erlenmeyer flask

Graduated cylinder

Meniscus—measure from bottom at eye level

Test tube

Safety symbols: Used to warn us of the danger that may exist from chemicals, electricity, heat and other procedures

2 types of science: Pure science- study of science to gain knowledge about something Applied science- solves problems using the knowledge gained

What is the purpose of Science? To solve problems and learn about the surroundings

How do we solve problems? Process Used is the scientific method 5 main steps to the scientific method: 1. observation/state problem 2. hypothesis 3. experiment 4. analyze data 5. draw conclusions

Making an observation (identify your problem?) State what the problem is Ex. The car won’t run

Make a hypothesis What is an hypothesis? A guess base on your prior knowledge Ex. The car won’t run because it is out of gas

What is an experiment? used to test to see if the hypothesis is true Information collected is called data Steps are described in the procedure Ex. Add gasoline to the car to see if the engine starts

All experiments must have 3 parts: 1. independent variable- the part of the experiment that you change Ex. Add gasoline 2. dependent variable- the part of the experiment affected by the change Ex. Running of the engine 3. control- standard of the experiment that you compare data to

Gathering and analyzing data: When conducting an experiment, you will get data from it. Ex. The car engine ran after gas was added 2 types of data: Verbal- in words only (descriptive) Numerical- in numbers (quantitative)

Presenting Data: Use graphs, diagrams, or charts that the common person can read Types of graphs: Line graphs (compare 1 variable) Bar graphs (compares more than 1 variable) Pie charts (compares percents)

Drawing conclusions: Using the data you obtained, tell whether the hypothesis you stated was true or not If it was true, you accept your hypothesis and explain why If it was false, you reject your hypothesis and explain why Explain why by writing a conclusion to summarize experiment Ex. I accept my hypothesis because the car ran after adding gasoline

Scientists research to answer questions 2 kinds of research: Quantitative research- the information gathered can be expressed in numbers Ex. 9 grams of fat, 32 degrees Descriptive research- date is expressed in words only (can’t be measured) Ex. the mice were aggressive Descriptive is less reliable because it is more opinionated

SI units: International units of measurements used in science (same units used worldwide) Units of measurement prefixes of measurement Meter (m)-length kilo (k)-1000 Liter (l)- volume hecto (h)-100 Second (s)-time deka (da)-10 Gram (g)- mass deci (d)- .1 or 1/10 Kelvin (k)/celsius (c)-temp. centi (c)- .01 or 1/100 milli (m)- .001 or 1/1000 micro (y)- .0001 or 1/10000 Example: km means kilo meter or 1000 meters

Conversion chart Kilo (k) Hecto (h) Deka (da) Unit Deci (d) Centi (c) Gram (g) Meter (m) Liter (L) Deci (d) Centi (c) Milli (m)

Do scientists have the responsibility to be ethical? YES! When experimenting and studying data, you should never change the information to make it what you would like for it to be. We have a moral responsibility to report things correctly

Why is biology useful? 1. Learn about things around us to answer questions about them 2. Learn how each living thing functions and how all organisms depend on each other

What is biology? The study of life/living things Bio-life logy-study of

What are living things? Organism- 1 living thing Examples: butterfly, flower, man

What do butterflies, man and flowers have in common that makes them “living things”?

Common characteristics of all living things: Organized Reproduce Grow and develop Adjust to environment Acquire and use energy

What does it mean to be complex and organized? Organized- all structures work together as a whole unit Ex. Human body

What does it mean to reproduce? To produce new living things

What is growth and develop? Growth- means to increase in the amount of living material Develop- means to change body forms Ex. Tadpole to frog

What is the environment? Environment- surroundings Includes air, water, other organisms, land, etc.

How do living things adjust to the environment? Maintain homeostasis-regulation of on organisms internal environment to keep it constant (ex. Our body temp. is around 98.6) Stimulus- a condition in the environment that causes an adjustment to be made (Ex. Touching a hot stove) Response- reacting to the stimulus (Ex. Lift hand off of stove) Adaptation- the process/behavior that enables an organism to respond to changes in the environment (Ex. Grow longer hair in winter, sweat when hot)

Biology terms Unity- characteristics organisms have in common Diversity- characteristics not in common Ethics- practice of right and wrong Technology- application of scientific research to society’s needs and problems

theory-a broad explanation of how/why things occur (it has been repeated in experiments but has not been proven to be fact) Law-considered to be a fact of nature (same results have been repeated over and over and it is considered to be a fact) Example: Kinetic molecular theory- states that all matter is made of tiny moving particles Law of conservation of matter-matter is not created or destroyed in a chemical reaction