ORGANIC CHEMISTRY Vocabulary Important Words Headings

What is organic chemistry? The study of all compounds containing the element CARBON Natural elements:  make up 96% of the mass of a human:  CARBON, HYDROGEN, OXYGEN, NITROGEN (C,H,O,N) Trace elements:  only needed in small amounts, called “minerals”

What is a macromolecule?  A giant molecule made up of 100’s or 1000’s or smaller units called MONOMERS  Monomers link together to form large POLYMERS  formed by polymerization

The types of macromolecules: 4 ORGANIC COMPOUNDS. GO BACK & COMPLETE A DRAWING FOR EACH. CARBOHYDRATES TEXT P. 45 LIPIDS TEXT P. 46 NUCLEIC ACIDS TEXT P. 47 PROTEINS TEXT P. 47

CARBOHYDRATES  Made up of C,H,O  Used as main source of energy (2 types) 1. Sugars: quick source of energy  Ex: glucose, lactose, fructose, sucrose  Monosaccharide-simple sugar, not decomposable to simpler sugars (fructose, ribose, deoxyribose, glucose)  Disaccharide-any of a class of sugars (sucrose, lactose) that comes from the combo of two monosaccharide molecules  Polysaccharide-two or more molecules of monosaccharides: one of the more complex carbohydrates (cellulose, starch, or glycogen)

CARBS CONTINUED… 2. Starches:  many sugars linked together  source of energy BUT breaks down slower  Used by plants for energy storage  Ex: potatoes, pasta, bread, grains Glucose Starch

LIPIDS  Made up mainly of C & H  Used to store energy, insulation & protection  Insoluble in water Saturated:  has maximum number of H bonds  usually solid at room temperature Unsaturated:  at least one double bond  causes “kinks”/bends = makes close packing much more difficult  usually liquid

PROTEINS  Made up of N,C,H,O  Made up of groups called: amino acids--(20 in nature)  proteins have a large variety of sizes & shapes  If the shape changes  it becomes a new protein  Ex: when you boil an egg, the protein changes color, shape  Found in muscles & cell membrane (lipid bilayer)

Proteins being made by DNA Amino acids attach to the other end of our translators to form a chain. This chain is now a protein, and can be used by the body.

Nucleic Acids  Made up of H,O,N,C & P  Store and transmit genetic information  Made up of nucleotides  Two types:  DNA & RNA