SASA16 Seminar 1 Working Group 4

Conceptualising Gender in a Swedish Context Åsa Lundqvist Historical continuity in the conceptualisation of gender is evident o From patriarchal society (industrial communities) to the equality of the genders (welfare state) o The industrial communities formed the foundation for a gendered difference in work (eg. men worked in the mills while women remained in the domestic realm) o After industrialisation, primitive economies disappeared and workers were hired, resulting in a modern division of labour (whereby women held the dual role of working and being the caretaker).

Conceptualising Gender in a Swedish Context Åsa Lundqvist Development towards the welfare state o Welfare ideals included social security for both men and women o Working as a means to achieving universal welfare "the fight for equal rights to work became the key" Examples of changes o Model of "male-breadwinner; housewife" to "dual- breadwinner"  the 'home help' - barnvårdinnor o Pregnancy lay-off protection o More equal pay

Conceptualising Gender in a Swedish Context Åsa Lundqvist The author summarized opinions of difference in the genders o The genders have different personal, socialization pattern as they grow o The genders had different natural roles  Women: Mother, and also a worker  Men: Worker

Conceptualising Gender in a Swedish Context Åsa Lundqvist Yvonne Hirdman's genus system o Explores how gender is a socially constructed phenomena o It is a network of social action that creates a gender-bound pattern or logic o The genus contract is how men and women interact and form relationships within the framework of the genus system

To Women in the Year 2000: Norwegian Historians of Women, c c Ida Blom. Ragna Ullmann Nielsen is a woman and she is the founder of the book ‘Norwegian Women in the Nineteenth Century women could be graduate during the last part of the nineteenth-century. In Scandinavia you needed to have graduates for to be considered professionals historians. In 1883, Ellen Friis is the first woman to have a doctorate in history, in Scandinavia in 1963 Semmingsen was the first woman who became a professor of history. Now we talk about Ragna Ullmann Nielsen. In 1849 she had established the Hartvig Nissen’s school In 1885 Ragna Nielsen created the first the first co-educational school in the Norwegian. Her book was published in In this book women could find many thoughts about history or politics. Her book was a force for the women' rights. When women can be participate for the suffrage, after the first world war it was a good things when women wrote about history

To Women in the Year 2000: Norwegian Historians of Women, c c Ida Blom Anna Caspari Agerholt: Main historical writing was a celebration of women's attempts to break the fetters of patriarchalism through first women´s movement passed the entrance exam to university. Before the second world war the women´s movement suffered a setback. Camilla Collett: crucial problems inherent in the passivity and self-negation pressed upon women´s as a result of man's self-assurance and lack of susceptibility

To Women in the Year 2000: Norwegian Historians of Women, c c Ida Blom Mimi Sverdrup Lunden Worked as a teacher during the late 20´s her husband past away and she became a widow She started to work as a teacher again. During the 1930´s she wrote and co-authored many books Norwegian Women’s Association: "They accepted a complementary role to that of men. Welfare feminism replaced equal rights feminism. But during the early 1930s, the difficulties for married women to remain economically active provoked new interest in equal rights"

Question In the discussion of a society of equality of genders, is it reasonable to apply differential treatment towards individuals?