Chapter 18 Notes Volcanism.

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Presentation transcript:

Chapter 18 Notes Volcanism

Volcanoes The location of volcanoes on Earth is not random

Volcanoes at Convergent Boundaries Most volcanoes on land are at subduction zones, characterized by explosive eruptions Circum-Pacific belt (Ring of Fire; ex: Pinatubo, St. Helens) Mediterranean Belt (ex: Vesuvius, Etna)

Volcanoes at Divergent Boundaries About 2/3 of the Earth’s volcanic activity occurs underwater at divergent boundaries Mid-ocean ridges Non-explosive, produces large amounts of lava

Hot Spot Volcanoes Some volcanoes form over stationary magma plumes (hot spots), not at plate boundaries As a plate moves over the hot spot, a chain of islands is formed

Flood Basalts Hot spots beneath continental crust can form flood basalts

Anatomy of a Volcano Magma travels from the magma chamber, through a conduit and lava emerges through a vent Craters form around the vent

Volcano Comparison Appearance of a volcano depends on the type of eruptions and the type of material forming the volcano Shield: non-explosive Cinder: small, steep Composite: explosive

Eruptions Characteristics of an eruption are determined by: Temperature Pressure Magma composition (silica content) Dissolved gases (think about opening a can of pop that has been shaken) Viscosity (determined by temperature and composition)

Types of Magma: Basaltic Silica content: low (less than 50%) Viscosity: low Eruptions: quiet, very frequent Example: Kilauea, Hawaii

Types of Magma: Andesitic Silica content: 50 to 60% Viscosity: intermediate Eruptions: intermediate explosivity Examples: Tambora, Indonesia; Colima, Mexico

Types of Magma: Rhyolitic Silica content: high (more than 60%) Viscosity: high, lots of dissolved gas Eruptions: explosive, very infrequent Example: Yellowstone

Explosive Eruptions Tephra: solid fragments of rock ejected from a volcanic vent Ash (less than 2mm) Bombs Blocks Pyroclastic flows: clouds of tephra mixed with hot gases

Pyroclastic flow

Intrusive Activity Plutons form from volcanic activity below the Earth’s surface Batholiths: large, irregular shape Stocks: small irregular shape Laccoliths: round top, flat bottom Sills: parallel to existing rock Dikes: cut across existing rock

Plutons

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