© Copyright Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Chapter 8 Stratification in the US Chapter Outline: What is Social Stratification? Systems of Stratification Classical Perspectives on Social Class Contemporary Sociological Models of the U.S. Class Structure Inequality in the United States Poverty in the United States Sociological Explanations of Social Inequality in the United States U.S. Stratification in the Future

© Copyright Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. What is Social Stratification? Social stratification is the hierarchical arrangement of Life chances refers to the extent to which individuals have access to Systems of Stratification Social mobility is the movement of individuals or groups from one level in a stratification system to another. Intergenerational mobility is the social movement experienced by family members from one generation to the next. Intragenerational mobility is the social movement of individuals within their own lifetime.

© Copyright Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Slavery is an extreme form of stratification in which some people are owned or controlled by others for the purpose of economic or sexual exploitation.  As practiced in the U.S., slavery had four primary characteristics: A caste system is a system of social inequality in which people’s status is permanently determined at birth based on their parents’ ascribed characteristics. INDIA is an example The class system is a type of stratification based on the ownership and control of resources and on the type of work that people do. US is an example

© Copyright Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Classical Perspectives on Social Class Karl Marx Class position and the extent of our income and wealth are determined by our work situation, or our relationship to the means of production. Capitalist class (bourgeoisie) consists of those Working class (proletariat) consists of those The capitalist class exploits the working class  Workers experience alienation—a feeling of powerlessness and estrangement Class conflict: the struggle between the capitalist class and the working class Marx predicted an end to capitalism when the workers realized they were oppressed and overthrew the capitalists

© Copyright Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Max Weber Weber emphasized that no single factor was sufficient for defining the location of categories of people within the class structure. Weber developed a multidimensional approach to social stratification that reflects the interplay among wealth, prestige, and power.  Weber’s three elements of class:  Wealth: the value of all of a person’s or family’s economic assets, including income, personal property, and income-producing property  Prestige: the respect or regard with which a person or status position is regarded by others  Power: the ability of people or groups to achieve their goals despite opposition from others Socioeconomic status (SES) to refer to a combined measure that attempts to classify individuals, families, or households in terms of

© Copyright Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Contemporary Sociological Models of the U.S. Class Structure The Weberian model of social class is based on (1) education, (2) occupation, and (3) income. The Upper (Capitalist) Class = 1% The Upper-Middle Class = 14% The Middle Class = 30% The Working Class = 30% The Working Poor = 20% The Underclass = 5% The Marxian model identifies ownership of the means of production as the distinguishing feature of social class. The Capitalist Class The Managerial Class The Small-Business Class The Working Class

© Copyright Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.  Upper class (capitalist)  The wealthiest and most powerful class  Often divided into "old money" and "new money"  Upper-middle class  Highly educated professionals  Many families with family-owned businesses  A combination of factors qualifies people for this class: university degree; authority and independence on the job; high income  Middle class  Two-year or four-year college degrees  Technicians, lower-level managers, and semi-professionals  Working class  Semiskilled  Clerks and salespeople A Contemporary Weberian Model

© Copyright Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.  Working poor  Live just above the poverty line  Unskilled jobs, seasonal and migrant jobs, and service jobs  Underclass  Poor and seldom employed  Long-term deprivation  Low levels of education and income Inequality in the United States Income is the economic gain Wealth is the value of all

© Copyright Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Poverty in the United States The official poverty line is based on what the federal government considers to be the minimum amount of money required for living at a subsistence level. Absolute poverty exists when people do not have the means to secure the most basic necessities of life. Relative poverty exists when people may be able to afford basic necessities but are still unable to maintain an average standard of living. Who are the poor?  Age: children are at a much greater risk than older persons  One out of every five children live below the poverty line  Race/ethnicity: White Americans (non-Latinos/as) account for 2/3 of those below the poverty line  A disproportionate percentage of people of color are poor  Gender: about 2/3 of all adults living in poverty are women Consequences of Inequality Physical health, mental health, and nutrition; Housing; Education

© Copyright Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Sociological Explanations of Social Inequality in the United States Functionalist Perspectives Davis-Moore thesis: inequality is not only inevitable but also necessary for the smooth functioning of society. 1.All societies have important tasks that must be accomplished and certain positions that must be filled. 2.Some positions are more important for the survival of society than others. 3.The most important positions must be filled by the most qualified people. 4.The positions that are the most important for society must be the most highly rewarded. 5.The most highly rewarded positions should be those that are functionally unique and on which other positions rely.

© Copyright Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Conflict Perspectives People with economic and political power are able to shape and distribute the rewards, resources, privileges, and opportunities in society for their own benefit. Symbolic Interactionist Perspectives The beliefs and actions of people reflect their class location in society.