Sociology: Ch 7-1 “Social Control” Standards: 4.4 & 4.5

Social Control  Two basic ways that Norms are enforced  1. Internalization:  -Process by which a norm becomes a part of an individuals personality  -Individual conforms to societies expectations –Drive on right side of road –Use silverware to eat

…Two ways that Norms are enforced…  2. Sanctions:  -Rewards or punishments used to enforce conformity –Positive Sanction: Sanction in the form of a reward –Negative Sanction: Use of punishment (or threat of punishment) to enforce conformity –Formal Sanction: Sanction given by an “official regulatory body” (Police… Fines, Jail, Promotion…etc.) –Informal Sanction: Spontaneous expression of approval or disapproval Standing Ovations Smile Gossip Scolding

Social Control  Social Control:  The Enforcing of Norms through internalization or Sanctions (See Capital Punishment Chart: Page 52)  Agents of Social Control: –1. Police2. Courts3. Religion –4. Family5. Public Opinion –**Self Control: Taught through internalization… is the primary method of social control

Sociology: Chapter 7 Sec 2 “Deviance and Social Control” “Deviance” Standards: 7.1, 7.2, 7.4, 7.5, 7.6, 7.7, 8.1

The Nature of Deviance  Deviance: Behavior that violates significant social norms  Since all the rules cannot be taught to everyone or followed by everyone, deviance is unavoidable  Who is Deviant?  Someone who takes part in deviant action “Over and Over”

Labeled Deviance  In order for a person to be “labeled” as deviant, he/ she must…  1. First, be caught  2. Must be Stigmatized: Stigma: A mark of social disgrace  Ex: PUBLIC HUMILIATION  -”Bad” student, kid, and etc  -Inmate clothing  -Jewish people had to wear Star of David during WWII

Social Functions of Deviance  Emile Durkheim: The Rules of the Sociological Method  1. Clarify Norms: What is right and wrong  2. Unify the Group: “Us Against them”  3. Diffuse Tension: Break “small” rule w/o hurting society; (Public Protests)  4. Identify Problems: What areas need help  5. Provide Jobs: Police, Courts, Corrections –Criminologists: Social scientists who study criminal behavior

Explaining Deviance: Theoretical Approaches  Functionalist Perspective: Robert K. Merton  Structural Strain Theory: Deviance is a natural outgrowth of the values and norms of society  Anomie: According to Durkheim, this occurs when the norms of a society are unclear or obsolete

Merton’s Theory of Individual Responses to Legitimate Means of Achieving Culturally Approved Goals: See Chart: P. 165  1. Conformity: Non deviant response: Accept the goals and means to reach them  Ex: Accept American Capitalism  2. Innovation: Accepts goals; Rejects ways to reach goals  Ex: Accept idea of “making money” sell drugs to achieve goal  3. Ritualism: Reject Goal; Uphold means to reach it  4. Retreatism: Reject goal and means to reach it  Ex: Hermit  5. Rebellion: Reject/Replace goals and means  Ex: Revolutionary Movement

Conflict Perspective on Deviance  Conflict Theory: Richard Quinney  Competition and social inequality leads to deviant behavior  Some turn to deviance to reach “goals” of society: Low self esteem; Feel Powerless/Frustrated  Quinney: “The ruling class ‘labels’ any behavior that threatens their power base as deviant”  That is why lower classes have a higher rate of conviction

Interactionist Perspective  Three Explanations  1. Control Theory: Durkheim (Influenced)  -Deviance: Natural Occurrence: Why do people conform?  -Conformity: Product of Social Control  2. Cultural Transmission Theory:  -Deviance is learned through interaction w/ deviant individuals: One is “Socialized” to be deviant  -Differential Association: Edwin Sutherland  a person who interacts with deviant individuals more likely to become deviant: At heart of Cultural Transmission Theory  Travis Hirschi: People who are non deviant, have strong social connections and have no time to commit deviant behavior

Interactionist  Techniques of Neutralization: Gresham Sykes/David Matza  People suspend their moral beliefs to commit deviant acts  1. denying responsibility: Why did YOU HIT your brother? “Because HE called me stupid”  2. denying injury: Feeling “Immortal” “It will never happen to me” “I will never get caught”  3. denying the victim: un-empathetic  4. condemning authorities and claiming a “higher loyalty”

Labeling Theory  How are people identified as deviant  1. Primary Deviance: non conformity that goes undetected  2. Secondary Deviance: Individual detected and labeled as deviant by society  -John Wayne Gacy  3. Degradation Ceremony: Harold Garfinkel  -public setting (trial)  -person is found guilty, denounced, and labeled as deviant

Sociology: Chapter 7 Sec 3 “Crime” Standards: Same as

Crime and Statistics  Crime: Any act labeled as such by those in Authority  Statistics: Uniform Crime Report (FBI)  1. Not ALL reports make it to record- most serious only  2. People LESS likely to report if family/friends involved  3. Police more likely to file “formal” report if victim is from high social class or they are treated politely  4. Certain Crimes UNDERREPORTED: Sexual Assaults…etc  See Chart: P 169: Arrest Rate

Types of Crimes: See P. 171, 173, 175  1. Violent Crimes: Smallest percentage  -Murder, Rape, Robbery, Aggravated Assault –Occurs every 22 Seconds in U.S.  2. Property Crimes: Most Common: Every 3 Seconds  -Burglary, larceny, motor vehicle theft  3. Victimless Crime: -Gambling, Prostitution, and Drug “USE”, Vagrancy  4. White Collar Crime: Committed by people w/ high social status in line of professional lives: Cost U.S. $ Billion/Year  Ex: Enron Tax Case, Martha Stewart Inside Trading Scam (Fraud, Embezzlement)  5. Organized Crime: Crime Syndicate: Large scale operation of Professional Criminals  -Use violence or threat of violence

Criminal Justice System  1. Police: Immediate control  -Police Discretion: police power to decide who gets arrested and who does not: With size of U.S., police cannot arrest “everyone”. They have to use judgment  -Racial Profiling: practice of assuming that “non- white” Americans are more likely to commit crimes  2. Courts: Take responsibility after one is arrested  -Plea Bargaining: legal negotiations that keep cases out of court and help knock down caseloads  3. Corrections: Carry out punishment handled by the courts (prisons)  -Retribution: Revenge  -Deterrence: Discourage offenders  -Rehabilitation: Re-socialize Individuals: If Possible  -Social Protection: Keep Society safe from offenders  Recidivism: Repeated criminal behavior

Juvenile Justice System  Third largest category in U.S.  Under 18  In past, laws were not specific…problem  Adult who commits assault: Mandatory two years  13 Yr. Old who commits assault: Held in Juvenile home until age of 18 (5 years!)  Why? Laws were vague  Today  Juveniles have the same rights as adult offenders  -More rehabilitation programs  * Can be tried as adults (Sniper Case)