Stage 13 Vocabulary Britannia:Britannia duram:durus deplorant:deplorare pluit solem:sol Italiam:Italia redire volo aquam:aqua bibere non possum foeda pavimentum Britian harsh, hard complain about it is raining sun Italy I want to return water I cannot drink foul, horrible floor

Stage 13 Vocabulary lavat:lavare laborare nolo fessus advenit:advenire apud Cantiacos coniuarationem:coniuratio vulneratus metallum hospes quamquam wash I do not want to work tired arrive among the Cantiaci plot wounded mines host although

Stage 13 Vocabulary ferrum effodiebant:effodere ad se ex ordinibus inutilis carnificibus:carnifex nomen vindicare voluit itaque ubi ceteri iron dig to him from the rows useless executioner name wanted to avenge and so when the others

Stage 13 Vocabulary pugionem:pugio custodes:custos elusit:eludere manus…extendit veniam petivit audacem:audax saeviebat:saevire conscii:conscius supplicium posco:poscere nocens dagger guard slip past stretched out his hands begged for mercy daring, bold be in a rage accomplice death penalty demand guilty

Stage 13 Vocabulary innocentes:innocens coniurabant:coniurare invitus in aream se instruxerunt:se instruere per ordines secum rex Cogidubnus equites:eques equo:equus pueri puellaeque innocent plot unwilling, reluctant into the courtyard draw oneself up along the rows with him king Cogidubnus horseman horse the boys and girls

Stage 13 Vocabulary gemini simulac insolens erupit:erumpere nonnulli retraxerunt:retrahere se recepit:se recipere punire illud facile twins as soon as rude, insolent break away some, several drag back recover punish that easy

Stage 13 Vocabulary agros:ager segetem:seges frumentum horreum intulerunt:inferre aratores:arator magister nonne praeest:praeesse ei field crop, harvest grain barn, granary bring in plowman foreman surely be in charge of to him

Stage 13 Vocabulary peritissimus:peritus solus rem rusticam: res rustica curare simulatque hi ferunt:ferre ignavis: ignavus aedificia: aedificium dira skillful alone, only the farming look after, supervise as soon as these bring lazy building dreadful, awful

Stage 13 Vocabulary taurus animal impetum:impetus fuit neglegens Britannis:Britanni bull animal attack has been careless Britons

Stage 13 Grammar: Infinitives Loquax cantat. Loquax is singing. servi dominum vident. The slaves see the master. Loquax cantare vult. Loquax wants to sing. servi dominum videre nolunt. The slaves do not want to see the master.

Infinitives pueri currunt. The boys are running. Salvius Bregantem punit. Salvius punishes Bregans pueri celeriter currere possunt. The boys are able to run quickly. Salvius Bregantem punire potest. Salvius is able to punish Bregans.

Infinitives Practice Anti-Loquax currit. Anti-Loquax currere potest. Anti-Loquax is running. Anti-Loquax is able to run. Bregans laborat. Bregans laborare non vult. Bregans is working. Bregans does not want to work. gemini fabulam audire volunt. The twins want to hear the story. Pueri festinare non possunt The boys are not able to hurry.

Infinitives cont. Verbs, like nouns, belong to families. Verb families are called conjugations. The vowel that precedes the –re of the infinitive determines the conjugation to which the verb belongs.

Infinitive Conjugation First Conjugation Second Conjugation Third Conjugation Fourth Conjugation cantare: a /-re videre: e /-re currere: e /-re punire: i /-re

Conjugation Practice ducere dormire postulare habere festinare manere audire facere Third Fourth First Second

Verbs Used With Infinitives The verbs volo, nolo, and possum are often used with an infinitive. Each forms its present tense as follows:

volo (ego) volo I want (tu) vis you (p) want vult s/he wants (nos) volumus we want (vos) vultis you (s) want volunt they want

nolo (ego) nolo I do not want (tu) non vis you (s) do not want non vult s/he does not want (nos) nolumus we do not want (vos) non vultis you (p) do not want nolunt they do not want

possum (ego) possum I am able (tu) potes you (s) are able potest s/he is able (nos) possumus we are able (vos) potestis you (p) are able possunt they are able

possum, potes, etc. can also be translated as “I can,” “you can,” etc. nos dormire non possumus. We are not able to sleep or We cannot sleep. ego leonem interficere possum. I am able to kill the lion or I can kill the lion.

Practice ego pugnare possum. nos effugere non possumus. tu laborare non vis. coquus cenam optimam parare potest. celeriter currere potestis. in villa manere nolo. laborare nolunt. vinum bibere volumus.

Practice Answers I am able to fight. We are not able to escape. You do not want to work. The cook is able to prepare the best dinner. You are able to run quickly. I do not want to stay in the house. They do not want to work. We want to drink wine.

-que In this stage you have met a new way of saying “and” in Latin: pueri puellaerque boys and girls Note that the –que is added to the second word -que can also be used to link sentences together: dominus ex equo descendit villamque intravit. The master got off his horse and went into the house.

Practice Varica servos ancillasque inspexit. Varica inspected the slaves and the slave-girls. Bregans canisque in ordine stabant. Bregans and the dog were standing in the line. Salvius aream intravit Varicamque salutavit. Salivus entered the courtyard and greeted Varica.