MED process diagram 2002 IAEA

Principle of a Reverse Osmosis process (RO) 2002 IAEA

Reverse Osmosis (RO) Very popular (40% of overall desalted water) Reverse Osmosis: separation of salty and pure water by semipermeable membranes Total energy of ~ 4 kWh/m3 required for high pressure pumps: 50 to 80 bar (800-1,180 psi) for seawater Pre-treatment and post-treatment needed: suspended solids and microorganisms Hollow fiber and spiral wound membrane types 2002 IAEA

Coupling between NP and DP: general considerations Selection of proper technology Required product quality and amount: power-to-water ratio Safety: mainly dependent of nuclear plant, the design of coupling technology, and transient interactions between the two plants Specific national requirements Commitment of government is crucial (especially for financial reasons) Site selection In-depth feasibility studies 2002 IAEA

Nuclear power reactor + MSF 2002 IAEA

Nuclear power reactor + MSF + RO 2002 IAEA

Nuclear power reactor + MED 2002 IAEA

Desalination Economic Evaluation Program DEEP developed by IAEA Provides: Cost of water and power Cost comparison of several options (fossil/nuclear) Power consumption for water and nuclear 2002 IAEA

Region 2 (South East Asia/Red Sea /North Africa) March 2000 IAEA - T. Konishi

DEEP economic study: main findings Demonstrated competitiveness of nuclear power for desalination compared with fossil-fueled energy sources Desalination costs range: $0.40 – 1.90 / m3 MSF costs systematically higher than RO or MED RO economically favorable for less stringent drinking standards Costs higher with smaller reactors RO and MED costs are, in general, comparable 2002 IAEA

Table 1. EXPERIENCE IN NUCLER DESLINATION PLANTS Plant name Reactor Type Gross Power (MWe) Desalination Process Water Capacity m3/d Ikata-1,2 (Japan) PWR 2x566 MSF 2000 Ikata-3 (Japan) 890 RO1 Ohi-1,2 (Japan) 2x1175 3900 Ohi-3,4 (Japan) 2x1180 RO 2600 Genkai-4 (Japan) 1180 1000 Genkai-3,4 (Japan) MED Takahama-3,4 (Japan) 2x870 Kashiwazaki (Japan) BWR 1100 MSF2 BN-350 (Kazakhstan) LMR 150 (till 1999) MSF&MED 80000 2002 IAEA