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Fungus in pharmaceutical industries Downloaded from www.pharmacy123.blogfa.com

تحت نظر: استادمحمد نسیم صدیقی تحت نظر: استادمحمد نسیم صدیقی تهیه کنندگان: سکینه نایمن زینب ساعی حامدالدین صدیقی ذبیح الله محمدی اجمل یوسفی Downloaded from www.pharmacy123.blogfa.com

The fungus being tested fungus demonstrates anti-bacterial activities Only a few very useful antibiotics were discovered in fungi With the mass production of penicillin, there began a search for antibiotics from other fungi, bacteria and algae. Downloaded from www.pharmacy123.blogfa.com

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Penicilluim notatum Penicillin is the liquid which is secreted from penicillium notatum, which is the mold. Downloaded from www.pharmacy123.blogfa.com

Penicillin is one antibiotic that kills bacteria Penicillin is one antibiotic that kills bacteria. It is produced by Penicillium chrysogenum and related species. Downloaded from www.pharmacy123.blogfa.com

1945 :Alexander Fleming noticed that a mold (penicillium notatum) produced a compound that inhibits bacterial growth. Downloaded from www.pharmacy123.blogfa.com

The fungus was eventually identified to be Penicillium notatum. Although similar to lysozyme action, penicillin was far more powerful an antibacterial compound. Flemings' crude extracts could be diluted 1,000 times and still was effective in killing bacteria and not toxic to animals. Downloaded from www.pharmacy123.blogfa.com

There are many species of Penicillium. A Penicillium chrysogenum was found to 200 times more than P. notatum. Scientist also began to try to increase the amount of penicillin produced by P. chrysogenum, by irradiating it with X-rays and UV rays in order to induce mutations of this species. A mutant form was formed and it could produce 1000 times more penicillin than Fleming's original culture. In addition to the development of this mutant, a new means of growing the mould was also perfected. Previously, penicillin was grown in flask. Hundreds of bottles of Penicillium notatum were needed to produce enough penicillin for one person Downloaded from www.pharmacy123.blogfa.com

Then in 1939, Sir Howard Florey Sir Ernest Chain Downloaded from www.pharmacy123.blogfa.com

Cephalosporium Acremonium Cephalosporins are another class of antibiotics produced by Cephalosporium acremonium and related species Cephalosproins are semisynthetic antibiotic derivatives of Cephalosporin C , a substance produced by the fungus Downloaded from www.pharmacy123.blogfa.com

First discovered from Acremonium chrysogenum in 1953. Downloaded from www.pharmacy123.blogfa.com

Cephalosporin has also been identified from other fungi such as Emericellopsis and Paecilomyces, two genera that are morphologically similar to Penicillium. Downloaded from www.pharmacy123.blogfa.com

Economic Importance of Cephalosporins Cephalosporin is one of the most widely used antibiotics, and economically speaking, has about 29% of the antibiotic market. The structure and mode of action of the cephalosporins are similar to that of penicillin. Like penicillin, cephalosporins are valuable because of their low toxicity and they broad spectrum action against various diseases. Cephalosporins affect bacterial growth by inhibiting cell wall synthesis, in Gram-positive and -negative bacteria. Downloaded from www.pharmacy123.blogfa.com

Streptomyces griseus Downloaded from www.pharmacy123.blogfa.com

Spore arrangement in Streptomyces griseus Spore arrangement in Streptomyces griseus. Grey spores arranged in straight chains, as is typical of these strains. Downloaded from www.pharmacy123.blogfa.com

The discovery of streptomycin, an anti-tuberculosis antibiotic Downloaded from www.pharmacy123.blogfa.com

Penicillium griseofulvum Griseofulvin was first isolated from. mutated strain of P. patulum Downloaded from www.pharmacy123.blogfa.com

infections of hair, nail, skin and athlete's foot and ringworm. fungal antibiotic infections of hair, nail, skin and athlete's foot and ringworm. a fungistatic antibiotic.. It only inhibits fungal growth but does not kill fungi. It affects a wide range of fungi but is limited to those with chitinous cell walls Downloaded from www.pharmacy123.blogfa.com

Claviceps purpurea Downloaded from www.pharmacy123.blogfa.com

Claviceps purpurea Fungi have been used medicinally since ancient times. Ergotamine, is used to facilitate delivery of babies relieve migraine headaches Downloaded from www.pharmacy123.blogfa.com

Scientific classification Kingdom: Fungi Division: Ascomycota Class: Sordariomycetes Subclass: Hypocreomycetidae Order: Hypocreales Family: Clavicipitaceae Genus: Claviceps Downloaded from www.pharmacy123.blogfa.com

Rhizopus nigricans Downloaded from www.pharmacy123.blogfa.com

Scientific classification Kingdom: Fungi Division: Zygomycota Class: Zygomycetes Order: Mucorales Family: Mucoraceae Genus: Rhizopus Downloaded from www.pharmacy123.blogfa.com

The steroids in "the pill" are produced industrially by a fungus, as are the steroids cortisone and prednisolone. Downloaded from www.pharmacy123.blogfa.com

Tolypocladium inflatum This is one of the most commonly used immunosuppressant drugs in organ transplantations Downloaded from www.pharmacy123.blogfa.com

If you've had an organ transplant you might be taking Cyclosporin immunosuppressant Downloaded from www.pharmacy123.blogfa.com

Aspergillus nidulans Downloaded from www.pharmacy123.blogfa.com

It is not the natural product extracted from fungi. Cilofungin It is not the natural product extracted from fungi. The antibiotic is developed from a metabolite extracted from several species of Aspergillus such as A. nidulans and A. rugulosus. It is thus a semi-synthetic antibiotic. Not all antibiotic that we derive from fungal metabolites are extracted in the desired form from the fungus. Often chemical modifications will have to be carried out before it can be utilized for the desired purpose. Downloaded from www.pharmacy123.blogfa.com

Economic Importance of Cilofungin Cilofungin is specifically developed to treat candiasis (which commonly manifests as thrush) caused by the fungus Candida albicans. Downloaded from www.pharmacy123.blogfa.com

Ganoderma lucidum Downloaded from www.pharmacy123.blogfa.com

Ganoderma lucidum یكی از قارچهای با خاصیت دارویی است كه بیش از 4000 سال در طب سنتی چین و ژاپن استفاده می‌شده است. مردم چین قارچ گانودرما را گیاهی از جانب خداوند دانسته‌اند كه می‌تواند به عنوان اكسیری از ابدیت، سلامتی و آسایش انسانها را تضمین كند(2). در طب سنتی قارچ گانودرما در درمان ضعف و كوفتگی‌های عمومی بدن، تنگی نفس،‌ بیخوابی و سرفه‌ها استفاده می‌شد(3). مطالعات و تحقیقات نوین به‌طور روز افزون، آن باورها و عقاید را تایید كرده و اغلب مطالعات جدید خاصیت دارویی این قارچ را هم اکنون در زمینه كاهش فشار خون، كاهش چربی خون، حفاظت از كبد، ضد التهاب، ضد دیابت، فعالیتهای ضد میكروبی، هپاتیت،‌معده درد، ارتروز، برنشیت، ورم معده، تنگی نفس، بی اشتهایی، ورم كلیه و سرطانها مورد تایید قرار داده است(4). در حال حاضر این قارچ به‌صورت تجاری در شمال آمریكا،‌ چین،‌ تایوان،‌ ژاپن و كره جنوبی كشت می‌شود. Downloaded from www.pharmacy123.blogfa.com

Many tnx Downloaded from www.pharmacy123.blogfa.com