The Adrenal Gland

The Adrenal Gland

The Adrenal Gland The adrenal medulla The adrenal cortex catecholamine corticoids Zona glomerulos zona fasciculata zona reticularis

Anatomy of Adrenal Cortex zona glomerulosa secretes aldosterone zona fasciculata secretes glucocorticoids zona reticularis secretes androgens Androgen glucocorticoid

Adrenocortical hormone

Renal and Circulatory effects of Aldosterone Aldosterone Increases Renal Tubular Reabsorption of Na+ and Secretion of K+ Excess Aldosterone↑→ ECF ↑→ABP↑ Small effect on plasma Na+ Concentration

Renal and Circulatory effects of aldosterone K+ concentration Aldosterone ↑→ Hypokalemia and Muscle Weak- ness Aldosterone ↓→Hyperkalemia and Cardiac Toxicity Mild Alkalosis: Aldosterone ↑ adrenal glands suddenly stop secreting aldosterone salt are lost in the urine→ECF↓ → blood volume ↓ → circulatory shock → causes death within a few days (without treatment)

Glucocorticoids Function :inhibit NADH oxidation which is necessary for glycolysis gluconeogenesis :FFA↑

Glucocorticoids Function Poor wound healing not most other cells

Glucocorticoids Function : same with mobilization of amino acid from muscle glucose uptake in adipose cell ↓

Glucocorticoids Function torso Cushing’s syndrome

Cushing’s syndrome Buffalo-like torso Rounded face, “moon-face”. Striae bruisability with ecchymose

Glucocorticoids Function Resisting stress Trauma , infection, intense heat or cold, surgery

Resisting stress stressor Brain Anterior pituitary (ACTH) Sympathetic nervous system Adrenal cortex Adrenal medulla Glucocorticoids NE,E

Glucocorticoids Function

Glucocorticoids Function

Summary of glucocoticoid action Gs Hepatic gluconeogenesis↑ Insulin action↓ BG ↑ Glucocoticoid↑→ Adrenal diabetes Pro-tein Catabolism ↑ (especially in muscle) anabolism ↓ Amino acid in blood plasma difficult of wound healing Fat Fat mobilization ↑ Fat redistribution acetone body ↑ central obesity Cushing’s syndrome H2O and Na+ Similar with aldosterone ADH ↓ GFR ↑ (1/400 of aldosterone) Glucocoticoid↓→ Water Intoxication

lung and spleen eosinophil storage↑ RBC↑TBC↑ lymphocyte↓ neutrophil↑ Blood cell hematopoiesis↑ lymphopoiesis↓ lung and spleen eosinophil storage↑ RBC↑TBC↑ lymphocyte↓ neutrophil↑ eosinophil ↓ Leuke-mia Gastric shield gastric acid and peptic enzyme ↑ gastric mucosa↓fall off of gastric epithelia cell ulcer ↑ Circulat-ion permisivienesss glucocoticoid↓→BP↓ CNS excitability↑ less→euphoria more→restlessness, insomnia leukemia

Regulation of Secretion of Adrenocortical Hormone Hypothalamus – Anterior Pituitary – Adrenocortical Axis

Regulation of Secretion of Adrenocortical Hormone Action of CRH Synthesis and release of ACTH Action of ACTH (adrenocorticotropin hormone ) control Cortisol secretion hypertrophy and proliferation of the adrenocorticol cells

Large amount administration of exogenous glucocoticoid , prohibit to stop using it suddently ?

Regulation of Secretion of Adrenocortical Hormone Regulation of cortisol Secretion Negative feedback effect of cortisol cortisol

Diseases of Adrenal Glands Cushing’s Disease Hyper-active adrenal cortex rounded face & obesity Thin, frail skin poor wound healing Addison’s Disease Hypo-active adrenal cortex Decreased appetite, weight loss Cold intolerance Stress susceptibility

The adrenal medulla

The adrenal medulla

The adrenal medulla

The adrenal medulla

Insulin Insulin Small protein 51 AA Receptor Tyrosine kinase

Insulin

Insulin acetoacetic acid is also converted into b-hydroxybutyric acid and acetone. ketone bodies: Acetoacetic, b-hydroxybutyric acid ,acetone

Insulin

Insulin

Glucagon

Endocrine regulation of calcium and phosphate metabolism

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) Polypeptide

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) Funtion : increase the calcium concentration Bone Stimulate osteoclast to remove Ca 2+ from the bone matrix Kidney: Increased Ca2+ reabsorption, PO42- excretion Small intestine Increased Ca2+ reabsorption

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Calcitonin Produced by the C cells of the thyroid gland. Function plasma Ca 2+ and PO42-↓ Regulation Concentration of Ca 2+ increased ,The calcitonin increased.

Vitamin D3 Function ↑intestinal calcium and phosphate absorption. ↓renal calcium and phosphate excretion. Coordinate with PTH increase Ca 2+ .

Summary

Summary